During the Imjin War, Arima Harunobu of Shimabara led 2,000 men, while Omura Yoshiaki of Omura led 1,000 men, and together with Matsuura Toshitsune and Gotō Moritoki (lord of Gotō Fukue Castle), they belonged to the first army of Ujina and fought hard, returning home after a long and arduous battle. Originally, the Arima and Omura clans were branches of the same family, and as we have already seen in the previous volume, places like the Fujitsu region were held by both clans. The Arima clan originally branched off from the Omura clan, but the direct line took the name Arima as its surname. The family tree is as shown on the left.
Mixed lineage of the Hasami kilns
The Hasami ware produced in the upper and lower parts of Hasami Village in Higashi-Saga County is said to have been founded by Koreans who had returned from the Korean campaign at the time and were following the lord Omura Shinpachiro Yoshimae.
Nagata Mountain, but the pottery lineage of the Hasami kilns is even more complex and confusing than other kilns, with some of the pottery having moved from the Minamigawara area to the Kihara area, and others having moved from the Zendoya area of Toshaku to Muraki. In addition, there were Koreans from the Takeo area who crossed over the Kamimuro Mountains and came to the Nagao Mountains, and there were also Koreans from the Fujitsu area who moved to the Fudoyama and Kiboyama areas. Other people who came and went from the garden tree area can also be explained by the topography.
Omura Naozumi and the Mongol Invasion of 1274
In explaining the history of this area, I will first describe the brief history of the local lords, following the example of the previous section. On October 8th of the fifth year of the Shouryaku era (994), Fujiwara Sumitomo’s second son, Naozumi, the Governor of Totomi, Naozumi, the second son of Fujiwara Sumitomo, came to own the three manors of Uchikuni, Takakami and Fujitsu in Hizen, and took up residence in the Kubara Castle in the Uchikuni manor of Omura, giving his family name as Omura. In October of the 11th year of Bun’ei (1274), the Yuan army under the command of Qiluo invaded Iki and Tsushima, and when they advanced to the coast of Chikuzen, Yasuchika, the head of the village of Yatsushiro, along with the local lord of Saga, Ryuzoji Sakon no Kami Toshimitsu, put up a fierce resistance.
Foreign invaders in the Koan era
On May 21st, 1281, the aforementioned bandits came again to attack, and Omura Ise-no-kami Sumimune, the ninth in the line, fought them off with the help of Matsuura Hizen-no-kami Koke of Hirado, Goto Saburo Ujikage of Takeo, Ryuzoji Hizen-no-kami Toshitoki of Saga, and Shiraishi Rokuro Michiyasu of Shiraishi.
Southern Court
fell and the era of the Northern and Southern Dynasties began, and beginning with the 10th generation Omura Shintaro Sumitomo and his son, as well as Matsuura Hizen no Kami Sadamu of Hirado, Ouchi Kotaro (Renga, posthumously awarded the fourth rank) of Ouchi, Goto Matataro Mitsuaki of Takeo, Ryuzoji Matataro Iekata of Saga, Oshima Jiro Michihide of Oshima, and others, they belonged to the Southern Court and did not spare their efforts in their service to the loyalist cause. During the time of the 15th head of the family, Junji, he built the Kobu Castle in Fukushige Village and lived there, but he built the castle in Imaru and settled in Omura for the first time.
The struggle between the Omura and Arima clans
In 1474, a dispute over the headship of the Omura family broke out, and on December 29th of that year, Takakuni Arima Naoshige, the 10th head of the Takakuni clan, attacked Omura with 2,000 soldiers. The Juni were no match for the Shogunate army, and after being defeated, they fled from Matsubara to Haya, where they hid in Hirota Castle. However, in the eighth year of the same era, they fled from Sasa to the island of Karajima in Karatsu, where they hid for seven years, enduring their suffering in silence. On August 15th of the same year, he landed at Hae-zaki and fought the Arima forces, but eventually made peace and married Shoken’s younger sister.
Siege of Seniwa Castle
In January of the second year of Eiroku (1559), Arima Sengan, the son of Shōkan, attacked Chiba Tanezane (Chūjō – Tsunenaga – Tanezane – Taneyoshi – Taneatsu – Tanezane) of Ogi Castle in order to take possession of the area, and, with his eldest son Chikazumi as commander, advanced with Omura Sumitada, Saigo Sumihisa, Hirai Junji, Fumihori Sumikata, Goto Sumiaki, Imanari Naoshi, etc., and attacked Ryuzoji Takanobu, who was supporting Tamenaga, but were defeated by the combined forces of Arima and Omura and had to retreat. On March 18th of the same year, Omura Tanshō Sumitada set up six towns in Nagasaki’s Uchimachi district as a place for Portuguese ships to enter the harbor.
The Portuguese were massacred
In the same year, a Portuguese merchant ship was anchored in Hirado, which had been opened to foreign trade, and a misunderstanding arose between the two sides due to a language barrier, leading to a conflict over trading rights.
The Port of Yokose was Opened
Junshu had long envied the fact that Matsuura Takanobu had opened the port of Hirado and imported rare goods and especially excellent weapons from the West, but he took this opportunity to open the port of Yokose (on the opposite side of Sasebo, next to the port of Mizunoura in the Kikuchi district) in the same year, and from the following year Portuguese merchant ships that had previously been included in the port of Hirado passed through the Raigase-to (Hirado Straits) and all came to Yokose. Kinoshita-gun, next to Mizunoura) was opened, and from the following year, Portuguese merchant ships, which had previously been included in the trade with Hirado, began to pass through the Kaminoseki Strait (Hirado Strait) and all came to trade at Yokose.
The Peace Treaty between Omura Takeo and the Wako Clan
In 1563, Goto Sumiaki of the Wako Clan invaded Omura and attempted to attack Sumitada, but the Omura forces were quick to intercept and attack Sumiaki’s camp, and the Wako forces were defeated and retreated to Tsukazaki. At this time, the fifth head priest of the Kurokamiyama Daichii Temple, Honin Ason, and Goto Echigo no Kami Naoe, together with Omura Iyo no Kami Sumitada, mediated and came to a peace agreement.
Opening of Nagasaki Port
The port of Yokose, which had been opened earlier, was moved to Fukuda Port (in Nishi-Kikuchi County ), but in the following year, Junshin decided that Fukaeura (also called Fukutomiura or Matakinoura, in Nishi-Kunisaki County) was the best location for a trading port. This was in March of the second year of Genki (1571), and this is the same location as the later Nagasaki.
The fall of Takanobu
On May 6th, 1575, Matsura Takanobu of Hirado sent a letter of intent to Ryuzoji Takanobu, and then sent Omagari Tsushima no Kami to swear an oath of allegiance and pay a formal visit . In the fifth year of the same era, Chinshin himself marched with the Ryuzoji army into Omura, and when Junchū fought to the last and surrendered, Takayoshi was finally able to unify Hizen.
Hideyoshi ‘s Edict to Expel the Jesuits
In the summer of 1587, Omura Yoshimae, a man of Sumitada, made the inner town of Nagasaki into a public estate. However, on June 19th of the same year, Toyotomi Hideyoshi issued an edict to expel the Christian missionaries of the Society of Jesus. In the first year of Bunroku In the first year of Bunroku (1593), Kamae took part in the Korean campaign, and in the first year of Keicho (1596) he returned to Japan in June, but when the peace talks broke down, he set off again in January of the following year, and in October of the third year of Keicho (1599) he returned to Hakata after the peace talks were settled in November.
In the tenth year of Keicho On September 11th, 1605, Kamae further made the outer town and surrounding villages of Nagasaki into public land, allowing free trade with foreigners, and appointed Urakami as his representative. Nagasaki Jinzakumon Sumikage, the local lord who worked hard to open the port of Nagasaki, was the younger brother of Kamae’s wife, and their lineage is as follows.
Nagasaki Sumikage
Mori Tsunenori, the grandson of Taira no Koremori, was the first to use the surname Nagasaki, and his son Kotaro Shigetuna lived in Fukaeura, becoming a vassal of the Omura clan and building a castle on Karato Mountain in this area during the Teio era (1222-1224), which became known as Tsurunoshiro Castle. the eldest son of the 13th generation head of the clan, Sumikage, owned 970 koku of rice in Nagasaki Village and was the lord of Shuntokuji Mountain Castle, but in later years he owned 700 koku of rice in Tokitsu and as a Christian he did much to spread the faith, his younger brother Oribe Masanori, who had come from Kyoto during the Kōji era (1555-1558), brought the current Suwa Shrine (a medium-ranked shrine) to the area and promoted the idea of a “divine nation”.
Nagasaki Different theory of family lineage
There is another theory of the Nagasaki family lineage, which states that the grandson of Taira no Shigemori, Shigemori, was granted the Nagasaki village in Izu Province, and that the family name Nagasaki was derived from this, and that Shigemori’s descendant Saburozaemon Shigenori served the Hojo family of Kamakura in the battle against Nitta Yoshisada in May of the third year of Genkou (1333), his son Kaneyoshi Sakumon Tameki escaped the battlefield and went to Hizen, arriving at Fukaeura and becoming the lord of the area. The tenth generation Samesuke had no children, and he adopted Yasuzumi, the third son of Arima Takazumi, and it is said that Yasuzumi’s son was Jinsae-mon Tameo. I think that this should be researched properly.
Junchū’s washing Rei
Oomura Yoshimae’s father, Junchū, once fought against Ryūzōji, and, like Hirado, regretted the lack of firearms such as muskets and cannons, and finally made up his mind to convert to the Christian faith, taking the name Don Barnoio Meo. And it was in the year 1562 that he obtained the new weapon mentioned above in the year 1562. At that time, Junchū borrowed 100 kans of silver from this religious order, but in later years he repaid it year by year with the annual tribute from the villages of Yamazato, Urakami and Fuchi (all of which are now within the city of Nagasaki).
The prosperity of the prosperity
This local lord, Sumitada, and the village headman, Nagasaki Sumikage, were both devout Christians, and this further added to the faith of the local people, who built many large and small temples, including Binshoji, while at the same time destroying all the existing Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples. Then, in the era of In the previous era, Chijiiwa Seizaemon (nephew of Omura Sumitada) was worried about what would happen in the future, so he traveled to Rome alone and, upon returning to Japan, he excluded them as a heretical religion that was taking over the country, and together with the clan leader Omura Hikoemon Sumikatsu, he made a proposal to the lord Kasen, and in 1613 (the 18th year of the Keicho era) they succeeded in having all the Christian followers in the domain expelled.
The destruction of the Christian destruction of their places of worship.
However, the following year, in September 1614, a sudden order was issued from the shogunate, and Kameno no Jyunrai, the son of Kameno no Jyunsho, together with Nabeshima Katsushige, Terasawa Hirotaka, Matsuura Takanobu, Arima Sakoemon, and others, traveled to Nagasaki to destroy the houses of the Christian believers. Shigeharu, Terasawa Hirotaka, Matsuura Takanobu, Arima Naozumi, and others went to Nagasaki and destroyed the houses of the Christian believers. However, the deep faith of the believers could not be easily turned away.
Death of Kamae and his son ‘s death
It is said that there were some of Kamen’s retainers who secretly continued to follow him, and that Kamen himself died on August 8th, 1616 at the age of 48, and his son Junrai died on November 13th, 1619 at the age of 28, both of them having been poisoned.
The history of Hirado and Omura The history of Hirado and Omura is not only the history of the opening of Japan’s ports, but also the history of foreign influence. We should understand the history of these two aspects, and then investigate other histories of art and craft. The Korean War It is said that the Korean potters who came to Japan before the Imjin War opened kilns in the San-no-mata area of Kamihasami Village and the Nagata area, and that these are the origins of Omura ware, but it seems that the kilns in the Shimohasami Muraki area cannot be seen as originating in the same period.
Muraki area old kilns
There are four sites of old kilns in Murakigo: Hatahara (Fudosagami), Kosaraya (Fudosashita), Yamanita, and Hyakkan. Of these, Kosaraya and Hyakkan are said to have been opened by the Korean Bak Seong-ui. geographical relationship, it is also a matter that cannot be denied that part of the Namcheon River system has invaded from the Tosho area.
Hatahara and Yamanita
In Hatanohara, there is a small kiln site of Korean style, which is 22 ken in length and 6 or 7 shaku in depth, and 6 shaku and 5 sun in length on the way down, in the Kashiyama mountain in front of the Mori family residence. The old kiln site in Yamanita is still extant in the wooded area called “Tani” in the vicinity of the village. fragments include black tea-glazed deep-shaped tea bowls with unglazed rims that are completely crescent-shaped.
Kosaraya
The old kiln site of Kosaraya is now owned by Fukushima Beisaku, and there used to be a Koryo-era tomb here, but it has been moved somewhere else and is now lost. The old kiln products there are small dishes with the usual light brown glaze or a three-eyed design on the bottom, and there is also a four-inch plate with a red clay body and a blue-brown glaze, and a green glaze on a wide rim. There are also bowls with a tenmoku teacups, etc., are all unglazed. There are also tea bowls with a green reverse deep shape, etc., made of thin yellow glaze.
The most unusual is a brown-glazed Tang-style ware with a gray clay body, and it has a water jar with a handle in the shape of an eggplant, with the calyx forming the lid. It is similar to later products, and it is made by firing underglaze blue porcelain, but there are also thin blue-glazed dishes with a blue-green border and a chrysanthemum-green border, and there are also tall vases with no glaze at all.
Hisayoshi’s seal Tokkuri
There is a piece of elegant black Tokkuri excavated from the kiln at the old plate shop. It is written in bold letters with iron glaze on top of the brown clay body. One theory is that it is the product of a Korean named Kim Hisayoshi is said to be the product of a Korean named Kim Hisanaga, but looking at the fact that we sometimes find vessels of the same type as this, there are counter-theories that it is a sake bottle from a local shop, or that it is a piece of furniture from a pub that was always open, or that it is a piece of furniture from a pub that was always open, or that it is a piece of furniture from a pub that was always open, or that it is a piece of furniture from a pub that was always open, or that it is a piece of furniture from a pub that was always open, or that it is a piece of furniture from a pub that was always open, or that it is a piece of furniture from a pub that was always open, or that it is a piece of furniture from a pub that was always open, or that it is a piece of furniture from a pub that was always open, or that it is a piece of furniture from a pub that was always open, or that it is a piece of furniture from stone monument
is also said to be the place where Park Jeong-ui opened his kiln, and there is a tombstone marking his final resting place on the Hotei River here. It is a stone monument is a stone monument about five feet high, placed on a double pedestal, and on the front of the monument is written “Namu Amida Butsu Shōsei Rei”, with the year Genroku 2 (1689) written on the right and the ninth day of the extra month of the lunar calendar written on the left. He was a Korean belong to a slightly later generation. This tombstone is now being passed down as a descendant of a certain person from the village of Tazawa.
Hyakkan
Hyakkan’s old kilnware is generally similar to Kosaraya’s, but it is said that the opening of the kiln was even later than that. Many of the first soft-paste porcelains show cracks, and among them are pieces of waist-rust-ground celadon with a three-inch mouthpiece, and pieces of celadon with a Joseon-style painting motif, and later-period porcelain includes round tea bowls with pine and grass paintings from the lower part of the Koushu area. There are also water-painting plates, and Kurawanka tea bowls were also produced in the Sawayama area.
This area was known for its production of these types of wares, as it was a source of good quality iron rust. The origin of the Sawayama ware In an old document, it is written, “In the 10th year of the Genroku era (1697), until the 4th year of the Shoutoku era (1714), it was 18 years, and it was the time of the official Yamaguchi Hachirobei, who was the friend of Sadamasa Tomonaga.” If you go back in time, the manufacture of porcelain ware production was started by a man named Sadanobu Tomonaga in 1697.
San-no-mata-yama
The above are the old kilns of Muraki-go, but the three mountains of Sanasayama, Nakaoyama and Nagaoyama in the same village of Hasami were called Sanasayama at the time, and later the mountain of Hiekiyama in the village of Shimohasami was added. of the four mountains, the office that oversaw the three mountains was established, but it is not known exactly when it was started by the Koreans, but if you look at the beginning of the mountain, “Keicho 10 years, Sanomata mountain, Shoutoku 4 years, it will be more than 100 years, and it will be a considerable old kiln site. It is said that the kilns were in use for over 100 years from the 10th year of the Keicho era to the 4th year of the Shoutoku era, so it is likely that this was a very old pottery site.
The 10th year of the Keicho era to the 4th year of the Shoutoku era is 110 years, and the 4th year of the Shoutoku era was 1714. people wrote it, so it was probably meant to be a rough estimate of a hundred years or so. Of course, it goes without saying that the porcelain was created in later generations, just as Koreans came to this area after the Korean War and opened kilns here, and of course it was Korean-style pottery. In the old documents of this area
it is written that the three men Mikatadareyama was built in the 10th year of the Keicho era by three people: the Edo townspeople Fujikuro, who was in charge of the kiln, and the two men in charge of the kiln, Ueno Fujikuro and Ozaki Rihei. After that, in the 6th year of the Kanbun era, the person in charge of the kiln became Iwanaga Shichiroemon.
The origin of Mikatadareyama Proof of the beginning of porcelain
This Edo merchant Fujikuro is the wealthy merchant Yorozuya Fujikuro, and according to this, he seems to have been a person who made large orders for black goods from the Keicho period, but the quality of the goods from the Kanbun period does not mean this? If this is the case, then it must be that he built a porcelain kiln in the Kurokuro era and began to make pottery.
Also, in an old document, it says Kanbun 3rd year, U (273 years ago), Hieki-ba Sara-yama began, and it became 52 years until Shoutoku 4th year, and there is a thing called “Nagoyama became Kanbun 6th year, Go (1666), and Nakao-yama became Shouhou 1st year, Shin (1645) , and it is clear that the production of pottery was carried out by Koreans and their descendants, who had come upstream along the Hasami River and spread out to various places.
The completion of the San-no-mata white porcelain completion
However, the pottery making in this region did not last long, and they turned to porcelain making, following the example of Arita, because of the softness of the local magnetite. The first discovered white mountain ore was too soft, and the Koryo River ore had a mixture of hard and soft qualities were very different in quality, making it very difficult to produce, but in later years, the discovery of the Togishi River magnet, combined with the addition of materials such as Ota-koshi, finally led to the formation of Hanasaki porcelain, and the use of Amakusa stone led to the creation of perfect white porcelain.
Mimotamagari stone
Now the porcelain from the Togawa River, which is now used as an additive for Amakusa stone, is located on the mountainside of the San-no-mata area and is owned by Tokuichi Matsuo, who mines it. It is slightly less rich in iron oxide than the Yoshida Narukawa stone, and is welcomed, and not only is it used in the Fujitsu area, but it is also transported to Arita-Sarayama in large quantities every year as a clay additive for the manufacture of porcelain.
Togishikawa Stone Analysis Table
Silica 44.05
Alum 37.18
Iron oxide 0.34
Lime 0.46
Magnesia 0.98
Potash 3.75
Soda 0.64
Loss on ignition 13.21
According to one theory , the raw materials of the Koto River were discovered by Mitsunori Imamura of Mikawachi, and he is said to have been the first to make porcelain, which is said to be the origin of Hasami ware, or some say that it was discovered by someone from Kihara Mountain, who then transported it and made it. However, there is some doubt as to whether the artisans of the Hirado clan were able to behave so freely within the Omura clan. If we consider that Mitsunari tried firing in this area in 1635, he was probably only able to make a light grey porcelain that imitated Arita ware using materials from Hakutake or Koraigawachi.
Hasami Sarayama Yaku Office
In 1665, the feudal lord Omura Suminaga established the Sarayama Office in Mitsunomata, and Iwanaga Shichiro was appointed as the official in charge of the area. He was assisted by officials stationed at Mitsunomata, Nakao, Nagao, and Hieki-ba , but later the role of the oshi-yaku was changed to that of the Sarayama Bugyo, and then abolished again, with two directors and several subordinates under the deputy governor, and they devoted themselves to the protection and encouragement of pottery production.
It goes without saying that Hasa-mi ware was nurtured under the patronage of successive lords of the Omura clan, who provided everything from the forests that provided the fuel to the funds and rice.
Kezu Inspection
Also, the dye According to the Sarayama Diary, “On the 11th day of the 12th month of the 5th year of Genroku (1692), Honda Magosaburo and Matsuo Taro of the Nagasaki shipwright town began selling Chinese lacquerware. Sakonmono” from the beginning, but the clan mainly paid attention to its selection, and sent clan officials to Nagasaki to directly inspect and purchase from the Chinese, and then exclusively distributed them to each kiln.
Kai-sei and Hokusei
Gen Originally, Wuzhou was written as either Wusu or Jiusu, and is a natural mineral containing cobalt silicate. It has been used in Egypt and China since ancient times for Buddhist statues, glassware, and pottery, and there are many different types. The first people to provide this blue pigment to China supplied it to China were the Uighurs (an ancient people who spoke a language that was spoken in northern Mongolia, Gansu and Xinjiang), and there is also a theory that it came via the western regions of Asia and Persia in the hands of Muslim traders, and was therefore called “Mohametan blue” at the time. There is also a theory that the blue called “Su-ni-bo-qing is said to be a product that was imported by the Chinese when they traded with the people of Sumatra and the region of Borneo (the old Tuku-gu tribe).
Yunnan medicine
After a time, when the supply of this medicine supply stopped, China discovered the ore in its northwest border regions such as Guizhou and Yunnan, and came to supply itself, and in the distant future it came to be collected from Shaoxing and Jinhua in Zhejiang and supplied, and it became known as Saiqing and was the finest product. At that time, most of the products imported into Japan were mostly produced in the Yunnan region. At first, China mixed it into the glaze to make celadon porcelain, but later it came to be used for painting and decorating.
This product were made from a variety of unglazed pottery, and ranged from the high-quality wares from Yunnan and Zhejiang to the low-quality wares from Jiangxi and Guangdong. All of them had a green exterior, making them very difficult to distinguish, so the Nagasaki Magistrate set up a team of officials to oversee the importation of these wares under strict supervision.
Omura Enka
In particular In the Omura domain, the domain officials who were well-versed in this field were in charge of examining and purchasing the medicine, and so it came to be known as the Omura medicine of the time.
Prosperity of Nagasaki
From the second year of the Tei From 1685, many Chinese ships came to Nagasaki, and by 1688, 200 Chinese ships had arrived, bringing 10,000 Chinese people to the city, and Nagasaki reached the height of its prosperity. From that time until around 1710, (1710) for over 20 years, it reached a peak of prosperity unparalleled in the country, and it can be surmised that the prosperity of the Omura domain at the time, which received the culture and purchasing power imported from Nagasaki, was exceptional.
Admiring white porcelain
However the Omura ware, which was produced in white porcelain, was of course welcomed by them as it suited their tastes, and it was truly a time when both Japanese and foreigners valued white porcelain, and it is recorded that at this time, the Dutch were praised for their appreciation of the porcelain of Imaichi (Imari porcelain), which was said to be the best in the country. nature, and they praise the porcelain of Imari (Imari ware porcelain) as the best in the country. I am sure that the works of Gorosichi (Kouroku Takahara, who taught Kakiemon) and Ryuukoumon (Kutomi Ryuukoumon) are truly something to behold. ) are truly something to behold. He goes on to say that “valuing foreign pottery (foreign-made pottery) is like valuing the bean paste (nukamiso) from the next-door neighbor”.
During the Hōei era (1 1704-1711), Hasa-yaki was also produced in large quantities, and according to the Hara-yama Kyuki (old records of Hara-yama), “the first pottery dealer’s business was started on the 11th day of the 5th month of the 2nd year of Hōei (1706)”. In the Shōtoku era (1 Since the discovery of the use of Amakusa stone in the Shoutoku era (1711-1716), Hizamimayaki pottery has been perfected. The products were mainly tableware for everyday use, and although high-quality products such as Mikawachi ware were rare, the production volume of Hizamimayaki pottery surpassed that of Mikawachi ware.
Exclusive sales of the Omura clan
Once the four climbing kilns in the four plate mountains had finished firing, the officials of the domain would travel there to seal them, and once the necessary procedures had been completed, they would obtain a permit from the government office and allow the kilns to be opened, and all transactions were entrusted to the domain.
At that time, the domain’s official ship would anchor at the Mikoshi in Kawatana ship of the clan anchored at the three ports of Kawatana, loaded the pottery cargo, and set sail for Osaka, where it was unloaded at the clan’s warehouse and sold. Alternatively, even if the pottery kilns dealt directly with merchants from other even if the potters were to deal directly with merchants from other countries, they would still have to obtain approval from the clan, and in some cases, the presence of an official would be required. Even things like capital contributions would have to be documented and submitted to the authorities.
Osaka wholesaler contract
The contract for the start of business with wholesalers in Osaka from 1743 (Kanpo 3) is recorded in the Sarayama records
The start of business with Osaka wholesalers for grilled food began in the third year of Kanpo 3
The letter of credit sent by the wholesaler is written
The sale of grilled food in the domain is controlled by the government
The freight is paid in silver The next day, the boatman can be paid as soon as he requests it.
- For the 30 days from the date of the exchange payment,
if the boatman requests an immediate exchange, the fixed amount of money can be deducted and paid. - For the 60 days from the date of the exchange payment,
if the owner of the silver requests it, the fixed amount of money can be deducted and paid. can be handed over
The same day as the sale of the account book, it can be handed over to the manager.
For one-yen silver, 10% of the amount is applied. Of this, three parts are handed over to Matsuyashozaemon, three parts are returned to the middleman, and six parts are applied to us.
For the sale of broken goods, Please be sure to examine each item carefully, and please do not allow the owner of the package to be inconvenienced in any way.
Please be sure to enter the details of the package into the system.
If there is any discrepancy between the above and the written contract, If there is any discrepancy, the seller reserves the right to take back the goods at any time.
Kanpo 3rd year, September
Masuya Goroemon Mon-in
Tomitaya Koemon-in
Hyogo-ya Kyubei-in
Izumiya Ihei-in
Omura Goryo Nakayakimono-kata
Sodai Fukuda Tomohira-dono
There is another document with the same contents as the one above.
Masu-monya
Sumiya Kuroemon-in
Fushimiya Kimpei-in
Bizenya Nizaemon-in
Omura Goryo Nakayakimono-kata pottery
Fukuda Tomohira
I
have been entrusted with the management of the pottery shop in the Omura domain, and I hereby respectfully request that you allow me to sell the pottery as usual.
I will sell the pottery to the middlemen We will sell the goods to the buyer, and we will do our best to sell them to the buyer. Of course, even if there is a difference between the four of us, we will sell them to the buyer. If there is a problem, we will do our best to solve it.
We will sell the goods as described in the attached document. If there are any problems with the cargo, please let us know.
Nakagawa Tohoku Kubo Hachikari
The wages of the San-no-mata craftsmen
November 1839 In the 11th month of 1839 (the 9th year of the Tempo era), the following old account book was kept for the San-no-mata kiln, which employed day laborers and paid wages to various craftsmen.
Craftsman’s wages
Large tea bowl: 26 nori, 9 mon
Medium tea bowl: 30 nori, same
Small tea bowl: 34 nori, same
Ring-shaped tea bowl: 39 nori, 9.5 han
sencha, 40 nori, 10.5 han
kasei, 44 nori, 9 mon
rencha, 26 nori, 11 mon
kohigashi, 42 nori, 10.5 han
konaka, 40 nori, 8 mon
mochazuke, 30 nori, 9 mon eight mon
four bowls, twelve mon
medium-sized east, eight-and-a-half mon
Eikubo, nine-and-a-half mon
Nara tea set, nine mon
mouth-reversed medium-sized tea set, thirty mon, nine-and-a-half mon
mouth-reversed small tea set, thirty-four mon, nine-and-a-half mon
This refers to the number of plates refers to the number of pieces that can be placed on a single plate.
Next, there is a list of the 20th of the 6th month, with the number of pieces that can be placed on each type of plate.
Hakata-e, large tea-serving dish, 8
medium tea-serving dish, 7
Miki Ryu, medium tea-serving dish, 4
small tea-serving dish
24-kou, tea bowl, 4
Kiku-guchi-iri, Hana-sei, 2
Hakata-e, sencha, 4
Shimae Sencha San
Daily wages for men and women
Men’s daily wages: 120 mon
Women’s daily wages: 55 mon
San-no-mata Sarayama Office
The Sarayama Office was located on the San-no-mata mountain, in the central part of the San-no-mata mountain range. there is a wide village road that runs to the present-day Nagaoyama. At the time, this office not only supervised and encouraged all aspects of pottery production, but also purchased materials for production and distributed them to the kilns. The following is an old document that shows the purchases made.
Office bridge ash purchase Purchase
The person in charge of the pottery department of the government office has requested the purchase of ash from a Satsuma ship captain named Denbei, who is from Higo Hitoyoshi. As the person in charge of the pottery department of the government office has requested the purchase of ash from a Satsuma ship captain named Denbei, who is from Higo Hitoyoshi. As the person in charge of the pottery department of the government office has requested the purchase of ash from a Satsuma ship captain named Denbei, who is from Higo Hitoyoshi. As the person in charge of the pottery department of the government office has requested the purchase of ash from a Satsuma ship captain named Denbei, who is from Higo Hitoyoshi. As the person in charge of the pottery department of the government office has requested the purchase of ash from a Satsuma ship captain named Denbei, who is from Higo Hitoyoshi. As the person in charge of the pottery department of the government office has requested the purchase of ash from a Satsuma convenience, we will work on it year after year. At this time, we will send you 50 ryou, and you can buy the above-mentioned items. If there are any problems with the arrangements, please send this letter to the relevant authorities and make arrangements quickly.
April 5th, 1841, Omura Sarayama Office
Komuraya Daisuke Baba Daisuke’s Akahaze Research
It is said that Komuraya Daisuke, the addressee of this letter, was a merchant in the service of the San-no-mata clan, and that he may not have been Baba Daisuke. However, he died in 1832 at the age of 60, and this Daisuke is the number one researcher of San-no-mata Akahaze, and his contribution to this field is shown in the old document , it says “The secret of the recipe for the family’s red dye is not to be revealed to others”, and then, after the recipes for over ten different colors (red, blue, yellow, black, purple, ultramarine, malted rice, and amber) are given, the following is added
Recipe for making powdered jade (made from stone) (should be stone)
When strong, add white stone to adjust the strength
When baking, check the strength of the powder
White stone: 70 units, same as 130 units
Lead: 70 units, same as 100 units
White vitriol: 30 units, same as 20 units
(The above is a weak mixture, and the below is a strong mixture)
Right baking method and the white stone on the top of the seven-pot kiln. If you put this on the top of the unglazed kiln and burn it for a while, and then put it in water, it will break up into small pieces. Make it into a fine powder and put it in the right amount of lead pot and let it melt. Then put it in a jar and add white enamel. like a red-painted pot, and bake it for a while. If you put in a pair of long chopsticks and scoop it out, it will look like sand-hachi candy. If you put it in water, it will turn a light blue color. This is a great way to serve it.
The red painting method has been limited to Arita since the previous year, but in later generations, it has become possible to produce it in the Kamigata style. However, it is not possible to produce it in two ways: by crushing and mixing gold dust, and by using only red gold dust. The only place where this is possible is in Japan and China. Outside of Arita, it is only possible to produce it in the same way as Arita.
After that, I went to China and made pottery, but the red color was different from the red I was used to, so I made it blue, yellow, and so on.
I have been trying to make red paint for some time, but I have not been able to do it. I am very sad about this, and I have been trying for two years, but I have not been able to make it yet. I have put my heart and soul into it, but there is nothing I can do. It is useless to tell anyone about it. The only thing that is truly Japanese is the red pigment from Arita.
Take the juice from the top of the bowl and pour it into another bowl. This is like a very fine-tasting medicine, and it comes in red, pink, and other colors. It can be used to treat rough skin, and it can also be used to treat blue skin, etc.
The old kilns of Sangamata
The old kilns at San-no-mata included celadon kilns, Kamitou, Shitou, and Shintou, and the following information can be found in old documents from the time. However, the number of kilns is different from the number of houses, but we have decided to record it as it is in the original text. In addition, the word “kama” refers to the firing of the kilns.
Mimata Old Documents
Mimata Sarayama
One kiln, several hundred and eight houses, 26 people in the kiln
23 houses with a kiln on the upper floor
17 houses with a kiln on the main floor
2 houses, Anko
4 houses, Hai Anko
24 houses, Shimo-nobu
17 houses, Hon-kama
4 houses, Anko
3 houses, Hai Anko
21 houses, Atarashi-nobu
12 houses, Hon-kama
Six houses in the Anko area
Three houses in the Anko area
13,230 straw bales of burned goods
240 bales per house Three times a year
19,440 loads of burned goods
120 loads per house
1,378,000 pieces of firewood
2,646 monme (2/3 of the price per straw bag)
1,333 monme (1/3 of the price per straw bag)
13 monme per year for ash delivery
15 mon per year for sake breweries
690 mon per year for kama (pot) breweries
15 mon per year for each kama
Hundreds of water mills
The first person to build a new kiln was a man called Honjima Kyubei in the second year of the Genwa era.
In the Kanbun era, Iwanaga Shichiro Ukon built the Sarayama Office, and after that, Sora Sanyama Bugyo Kurokawa Kizaemon took over. From the fifth year of the Hoei era, the role of supervisor was taken over by the local government, and now there is one person in charge of the local government and one person in charge of the office.
The people of the 13 rice fields have been working as village headmen until now, but from the 11th year of Bunsei, they have been working at the rice field office by request. They are now in charge of the rice fields, and they keep the records in order.
From the 13-branch Sarayama to the west village headman, it is a main road for the passage of cattle and horses, about 1 ri and 15 cho. To the east, it is a small road that leads to Ureshino, and to the south, it is a small road that leads to Fudoyama. Cattle also pass along this road. To the north, it is the main road to Nagano, and there are houses in the mountains, as well as lumber and forest farms. There is a shrine dedicated to Tenmangu, and there is a famous pine tree called “Hai-matsu” within the shrine grounds.
The above-mentioned text mentions a sake brewery, and it seems that the domain gave preferential treatment to the pottery-making area and allowed the sake brewery to pay a small tax, as it did with the sake brewery.
E-tou
E-tou, also known as E-tou, was devised by Nagasaki Magistrate Mizuno Masanori in 1626, during a time when the Christian faith was strictly forbidden. In order to check whether there were any secret believers, copper plates with images of Christ were prepared, and on the day of the religious census , they would make each person stamp their feet and enter their name in a register, and rather than using this action to check them, it was a method that deprived them of the opportunity to repent and swear their faith, and also made them lose their qualification to receive the glory of Jesus’ divinity. (And this method of painting was abolished in 1859 because it was not recognized as producing good results), and the year of the new era of 1616 was of course the pottery period.
At first porcelain produced in this region was still a dark color before the use of Amakusa materials, and it was a product that consisted of bowls with simple Wu Zhou paintings. at that time, there were no other places in Japan producing white porcelain, so even similar types of porcelain were very popular.
Manyya Fujikuro
Therefore, it is likely that the name of Hasamiyaki was abandoned nationwide as a result of this transaction, as the Edo merchant Yorozuya Fujikuro invested a large sum of money to build a kiln at that time.
However the fact that the former Shukushu-yama government office was established in the San-no-mata area was not only due to its central location, but also because it was close to the source of the raw materials.
Mesa Pit
On the high ground of the Tonoishi River Magnet Mine, there is a pit about one tsubo (3.3m2) square, dug into the mountain by Matsuo Kanji, which is lined with two rows of , and the deeper of the two is said to be being transported to other mountains as it is considered to be of good quality.
The three-pronged celadon Mikatamata celadon
The area around the Mikatamata celadon kiln, which is said to be the site of the Goryeo kiln, is scattered with fragments of fine celadon. are excellent pieces of work, such as the skillfully carved exterior of the bowls and stands, or the three-legged confectionary dishes, which are made using bamboo scrapers. There are also elegant hairline carvings of peach patterns, sunburst carvings, and various other types of relief carvings.
Saryaya Tani and Hasami Celadon
It is said that the production of celadon in this area began at Kibayama, and then spread to Minomata and Nakao. on the contrary, there are those who claim that the celadon of this San-no-mata was transmitted to the Fudoyama area. It is also possible that the theory that the Korean people of the Sarayadani area of Fudoyama, where pottery had been made since before this area, discovered the celadon of this area in the mountains about a mile away and created celadon, is not to be denied.
The dispute over the head family of the pottery The dispute over the origin of the pottery making
It is impossible to determine the origin of the pottery making without accurate documents and by comparing them with the reality, but in the case of the pottery making, which lacks materials for research, it is only possible to rely on oral tradition and speculation. has passed through many years, the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed down has become confused, and the way it was handed , the fragments of this excellent celadon ware that can be seen everywhere in this region, other than small vessels such as bowls, are mostly warped, and there are no shards that can be recognized as having been completed. If we consider the current situation, we cannot help but wonder how many of these celadon wares were completed at the time. Or it makes me think that it is only appreciated as a fragment, like Takeuchi porcelain.
At the time, when celadon was highly prized for its hardness, it was only possible to make a profit from the small amount of tea bowls and other small vessels that were produced in the kiln. . However, as hard-paste celadon was gradually produced at other kilns, it became difficult to keep up with the demand, and they were eventually forced to give up production.
Hasa The raw materials for Hachimaki celadon
The raw materials for this celadon glaze were collected from the Kawahara River near Utsumi Kinzan Mine, and the clay used was from the Kora or Hakudake area, which was soft and difficult to work with. , when it was discovered that the materials from Arita Izumiyama were incomparably hard, the artisans of this area moved to Maruo in Arita and set up a celadon kiln, and this is said to have led to the later popularity of Kuromuta celadon.
Baba Ihei
It goes without saying that the use of Amakusa stone also led to the complete perfection of celadon ware in this region. Before the Meiji Restoration, Baba Ihei of this region is said to have carefully produced celadon dishes for the imperial court at the behest of the clan. He passed away on November 16th, 1892 at the age of 52.
Sato Tokuzoemon
At the time of the Meiji Restoration, there were 33 potters in the San-no-mata area, led by Tokuzoemon Sato, who were producing pottery on a large scale. After the Meiji Restoration After the Meiji Restoration, Awaji Island buyers and others came to Haki to trade with the wholesalers there, but later this shifted to the Imari market. The kilns that were active at this time included those of Matsuo Katsusakomon, Umaihei, Matsuo Yataro, and Ota Jisaburo.
Inchiki Kure Chiki Koresu
In the Kaei era (1848-1855), a man named Manjiro, who was the son of Izumiya Senkai of Osaka and was a follower of the Oomikata Chusai, came to Nagasaki. He was selling a strange kind of medicine, calling it “Ryōdō” from China and sold it to the various kilns in the Hasami area. It is said that he sold 3,000 koku of porcelain in two separate batches, and that the total cost of the porcelain was 3,000 ryou.
Kamihasami Samie Design School
In 1902, the Samie Pottery Design School was established. Of course, it was set up as a joint venture between the various mountains, and its directors included Kotaro Fukushige, Ryutaro Ichinose, and Yataro Matsuo. In the same year In 1924, it was moved to Nakaoyama and rebuilt, and the new directors were Ogawa Toraji and Matsuzoe Taro.
In July 1923, the above-mentioned training school was moved to Matagai Ishigo, and it maintained contact with elementary education at the local elementary school, but in 1929 it became a village-run training school.
This training school produced many graduates after 1922, and it contributed to the development of the pottery industry in this area. The current director, Mr. Matsuzoe, and two other staff members are working to improve the design of pottery, and are also working to train excellent apprentices. The training school The course of study is two years, and the rule is that those who have graduated from elementary school are admitted.
The present situation of the three-way fork
In the prosperous period around 1919, the three-way fork, which had 14 or 15 kilns and an annual production of 2.78 million yen, is now completely out of business, and the number of households has decreased to 85 has been reduced to 85 households, and the three potters, Matsuo Sanichi, Takemura Shimaichi, and Tasaki Teiichi, are said to be earning 560,000 yen a year, which is a far cry from the prosperity of the past. However, the large maple tree at the Tenmangu Shrine is the only thing that gives us a sense of the prosperity of the past. The following are the potters who should be mentioned as famous artisans of the San-no-mata area.
Famous artisans of San-no-mata
Kazaemon Matsuo
Died on January 20th, 1855.
A master of flower-and-bird and landscape paintings, and was a pupil of Yamazaki Unzen, the official painter to the Omura clan.
Ota Yasuke
A potter who was particularly skilled at making sake bottles.
Sato Tokuzo
A potter who was particularly skilled at making small articles.
Ota Kamejiro He passed away on February 14th, 1904 at the age of 68. He was a master calligrapher and a master of making tokkuri.
Nakayama Sarayama Shizuke
The old kilns in Nakayama include Hirokawara, Kamitou (Matashirodake Kiln), Shitou, and Yamashita Daisin Kiln, etc. The following is a list of the shizuke from Sarayama.
Nakayama ( Kamitou) Shouho-gannen Koshin (1645) Shituke Shoutoku 4nen (1714) made 71 years, according to the story.
The person in charge of the Sarayama Suikara-usu (water mill) was Fukuda Daisuke, who started in Kanbun 8nen (1668).
However, 50 years ago, was built by Omura Saburo, who was appointed to the position of chief engineer.
Nakao Shimo-sara-yama (Shimo-nobori) was started in 1665 and continued until 1714, a total of 50 years.
Nakao Shin-nobori (Oshin kiln) from the first year of the Jōkyō era (1684) until the 33rd year of the Shōtoku era (1716) Right-hand person Matsuo Giuemon, standing in the service of the magistrate Kuroita Kizaemon
Nakao-yama old documents The following records can be found in the old documents.
Nakao-sara-yama
150 houses with one hearth, including 26 kama-ji
33 houses with an upper hearth
25 of these have a main hearth
4 have an Anko hearth
4 have a Hai Anko hearth
26 houses with a lower hearth 26 houses
20 of these are main kilns
4 of these are Anko
2 of these are Hai-Anko
The number of large new kilns is 39
32 of these are main kilns
4 of these are Anko
3 of these are Hai-Anko
The number of items produced 29,660 straw bales
27,720 loads of baked goods
2,560,000 pieces of firewood
4,393,000 mon (2 mon per straw bale)
1,320 mon for transporting the loads
1,072 mon for transporting the ash 20 monme per year
96 monme per year for sake
1155 monme per year for kama
15 monme per year for the main kama
Several hundred and fifty water mills
One Uchunoo Sarayama (Kamitou) was built in the first year of the Shouho era (1644).
The Ichidou Shokoro Yokome Yakusho (Yamashita) was built in the third year of the Bunsei era (1816). The Sarayama Yokome was built in the same year as the Ichidou Shokoro Yokome Yakusho.
The Ichidou Shokoro Kamitou Kama was built in the fifth year of the Kanbun era (1665) by Omura Saburo Ukon.
The Ichidou Shokoro Omotou Kama Shintokama was first built in the first year of the Jōkyū era by Matsuo Giukomon.
From Ichinooka Sarayama to the inn at Utsumi, it is about 14 chō (approximately 4.8 km) along the road.
From Ichinooka Sarayama to the shortcut at Iishi-jiri, it is about 26 chō (approximately 8.4 km).
From Ichinooka Sarayama to the San-no-mata government office, about 15 chō and 40 ken
From the same place, there is a dangerous mountain called Tsuya-dake, which is about 3 chō higher than the surrounding plains
At the top of this mountain is the signal fire site for the Nagasaki Incident, and there is a forest farm shop to the east of the mountain, with a shrine and a temple to the west
Hirokawara
Kei A Korean named Hanjin, who had come to Nagata Mountain for many years, was said to be the founder of the kilns here, but it is said that he later moved to Nakao and opened a kiln there. Later, in the first year of Genna (1615), There is a folk tale that in 1615, Shouemon Nakao opened a kiln in Hirokawara, and the head of the old kiln can be seen on the border of the rice fields , but it is thought that porcelain could not have been fired in such a small kiln, and of course it must have been a kiln from the blackware period. The discovery of the raw materials for his Hakutake was discovered, and this was twenty years later. Although the pottery fragments were not discovered there, many of the pieces, such as the large tea bowls made of blue-and-white porcelain, are thought to be products of a later kiln.
Nakao Shouemon Emon-jo
According to the records, Nakao Shoemon-jo was a descendant of the local clan that had ruled the area for generations, and he was the person who devoted himself to the development of the Nakao mountain. He died on July 13th, 1616 (Shoho 2) at the age of 60 , and his grave is in the graveyard of the temple compound. It is a rare stone monument in the shape of a man’s head, and it is about 5 shaku 2 sun in height. Also, the old house of the Nakao family ‘s old mansion was owned by the ancestors of Nakagawa Kametarō (formerly of the Nakao family), and the aforementioned gravestone is enshrined there by the Murakami family, a branch of the Nakao family.
The Nakao Noboru
Noboru Kiln, located at the foot of Mt. Hakutake, is also called Hakutake Kiln. It is said that the kiln was built in August of the 11th year of the Kan’ei era (1634) by the feudal lord Omura Tanshō Suminobu. the old document mentioned above, it is said that the kiln was rebuilt in the 11th year of the Shouho era (1644) because they switched from making pottery to porcelain, or for some other reason.
The remains of the old kiln fragments scattered around the old kiln sites include many pieces of thin blue-and-white porcelain from the Tenryu-ji kiln and the Kinuta kiln, as well as small incense burners with three legs, and underglaze landscapes of cats in the Wu-chou style on celadon porcelain. There are also tea bowls with coarse, large brush patterns of lattice-work designs on underglaze blue-and-white porcelain. there are tea bowls with gold-brown or mottled rust applied to the exterior, and there are early products with the bottoms stripped to a herringbone pattern and stacked on top of each other.
Nakao Shitou and Daishin
The Shitou kiln was built in 1665, during the reign of the feudal lord Omura Suminaga, by the feudal administrator Omura Saburo Ukonmon, and at the same time the Mikamiyama Shrine was built. The Daishin kiln was built in February of the first year of the Teikyo era (1685) by Matsuo Giukomon at the behest of the local official Kurokakizaemon, under the patronage of the feudal lord Omura Suminaga. The public hall is now built on the site.
Takemura Kiyonobu During the Bunka era (1804-1818), the pottery merchant Kiyoyuki Takemura borrowed 500 ryou from a wholesaler in Osaka and took over all of the production at the Shitato kilns, and from there he began to actively trade with Osaka, and the Shitato kilns came to enjoy great financial convenience. At that time, in the second year of Bunsei (1819), In the second year of Bunsei (1819), a partial list of sales is as follows
Copy of sales by Takemura
Copy of sales by Hakoya on the 8th of the 10th month
Daikokumaru on the 8th of the 8th month
Takatakadai
One flower-shaped large Forty-eight pieces of Guangdong, 16 pieces of rice in straw bags, 16 pieces of rice in straw bags with landscape painting, 7 pieces of rice in straw bags
All of the above are of the highest quality, 2 pieces of rice in straw bags
All of the above are of the highest quality, 2 pieces of rice in straw bags
Small
One large tea tray with peony design, 51 pieces of rice in straw bags, 2 pieces of rice in straw bags
All of the above are of the highest quality Four bales
One bale, one bale, one bale, one bale
In addition, there are 18 other types of tea, including morning glory-shaped Nara tea, landscape-patterned tea from the Daigoku region, tea with a large iron-wire pattern, and tea with a small net pattern.
One hundred bales, one bale, one bale, one bale
The right-hand house As we have come to an agreement on the sale of the above, we ask that you please make the necessary changes.
The 25th day of the 4th month of the 10th year of the Ukiyo era
Kameya Genta, Shirobei
Takemura Kiyoyuki
Furthermore, this item is stamped with a rectangular seal engraved with the words “Omura Branch Office”. Kiyoyuki Takemura (the father of the current Takuma) passed away on June 14th, 1831 at the age of 76.
Ganzo Fudashi In the
Bunkyu era (1861-1864), Ota Tokuemon obtained permission from the feudal lord to issue silver bills in the area around the Oyamayama area, and this greatly benefited the financial situation of the kiln owners. However, someone forged these silver bills, causing a major economic depression, and the clan made every effort to investigate the culprits. As a result, many of them were punished, and the main culprit, Matsuo Nami of Shimohasami Village, was sentenced to death by decapitation.
Ota Tokuemon emon
Tokuemon also served as a manager of the storage area, and he devoted himself to public works, and he passed away at the age of 74 on April 19th, 1866. Around the time of the Meiji Restoration the most important potters were Takekura Seiichi, Nakagawa Masataro, Fukuda Daisuke, Matsuo Sashichi, and others.
Yasaburo Baba
was also known as a potter, and was skilled at both pottery and painting. He died in December 1900 at the age of 54.
Yasaburo Baba ‘s research into shelves
In April 1889, Baba Matajiro perfected the production of shelves. After graduating from elementary school, he became involved in the pottery industry, and he had a desire to improve the traditional balance method, which he thought was very imperfect. Prior to this In 1883, Matsuo Koichi of Mimata devised a circular balance beam with eight wings, and as this doubled the amount of cargo that could be loaded compared to the four-wing method, all the other potters in the area adopted this method, but it was no different in terms of its dangerous points.
In March 1885, when he was 18 years old, he planned to improve the loading method March 1885, when I was 18 years old, I planned to improve the stacking method, but I heard that there was a rack stacking method in Seto, Owari, but I did not fully understand the method, and I only stood four pillars and stacked the rack boards on them, and I realized that it was a very safe method, On the 25th of the same month, he made fire-resistant clay boards 1.5 cm thick and 1 shaku square, and after repeated failures, he tried firing them dozens of times. Finally, in the 19th year, he discovered that the boards could withstand up to 1 shaku 5 sun, and in April of the 22nd year, he announced that his research was complete.
From this time on, many other mountains in the area also adopted this method of piling up the shelves, and on Nakao Mountain, the number of potters who completely reformed their kilns reached several dozen, and some of them even came to observe from other mountains. In addition to his work in the pottery industry, he was also a master of the small wares pottery wheel, and he passed away in June 1926 at the age of 61.
Shosaku Matsuo Report on his inspection
In April 1890, Shosaku Matsuo (formerly named Takemura) returned from his tour of inspection of pottery production sites around the country. He had set out in April 1889 with a letter of introduction from the Nagasaki Prefectural Government departed in April 1890 with a letter of introduction from the Nagasaki Prefectural Office, and visited pottery-making areas in Yamaguchi, Ehime, Hyogo, Kyoto, Osaka, Aichi, Gifu, Shiga, Mie, etc., and then invited the Seto potter Yoshikichi Ninomiya to accompany him on his return journey. At this time, he submitted a detailed report to the prefectural office on the pottery kilns and loading methods of Seto ‘s pottery kilns and loading methods, and submitted a detailed report to the prefectural government. In particular, the following passage is about the use of smoke hoods (shelves).
The shelves are 8 cm thick is about 8 cm thick, 12 cm long and 10 cm wide, and is placed on top of four pillars. It is filled with clay and reaches a height of 140 cm from the top of the kiln, with no gaps inside. This is a huge difference compared to the balance-loading method used in our region, which is less than 45 cm high (the standard shelf used in Setomaru kilns is 16 cm long, 12 cm wide , and the thickness is 1.35 to 1.4 cm). In the Oono region, they sell high-quality pottery at low prices and still make a good profit. In our region, we follow the old customs and do not improve on this point, so we sell poor-quality pottery at high prices and make little profit. This is why demand from China is currently declining, which is truly regrettable.
In short the imperfect kiln equipment and the way the pottery is loaded is like a large tree that has fruit on the lower branches, but the person who is picking the fruit on the top of the tree doesn’t know that there are even more delicious fruits up there, etc.
Transcription by Manji Transcription of a copperplate engraving by
Around 1891, a man named Hara from Owari Seto brought a method of transcribing copperplate engravings, but at the time, the only popular method of printing in this area was the paper stencil method, so this method was not adopted and he returned home empty-handed. Later, Muta Hisaji (who had been in business since 1907) sold the used paper to the Daigoyama area, and the number of people using it in the Nakaoyama area also increased.
At that time, the pottery industry who was in the midst of a hiatus in his pottery business, had previously learned the manufacturing method from the aforementioned Hara, and so he began this business with determination, but when he came to experiment with it, he encountered great difficulties, and it took him half a year of painstaking research. At that time, the potter Ota Kugoro, who had been preaching the promise of this industry, encouraged him to work hard, and he finally managed to complete it.
From this point on, Jiro set up printing presses in places such as Yumino in Kishima County, Yoshida and Shida in Fujitsu County, and went on to compete with Hisaji of Arita, and so Hisaji sought to hire Manjiro at a high salary Manjiro refused, and so, through the mediation of Shichiro Hamada of Hiekiyama, Kyuji withdrew the Nakaoyama branch and exchanged it for Manjiro’s Yoshidayama branch, and from then on, the printing business flourished.
Nakaoyama’s position in terms of production position in terms of production
Nakaoyama has not only occupied the top position in production in the Hizayama area since the days of the old clan, but it is also the only place that produces a variety of decorative items in addition to tableware, and is the representative mountain of Omura ware. This area is located two ri from Arita is two ri from the Arita station, and currently has 250 households and 23 kilns, and in times of prosperity the number of households exceeded 300, and the annual production was over 50 million yen, but the current production is said to be around 20 million yen. The kilns Ota Kikichi, Ueda Koji, Yamaguchi Kiyoma, Ichinose Tadashi, and others all showed great vitality in their pottery.
Baba Tsuzan
One of the unique potters from this area was Kujyuen Baba-Tsuyama (Inosuke). He learned the art of twisting and turning from Mabuchi Ryuseki, a potter from the village of Yamazato in Nagasaki, in 1886, and in 1896 he went to Kyoto to study under Hosoki Matsunosuke (Doctor of Engineering) studied color theory under Hosoki Matsunosuke (Doctor of Engineering), and also studied ceramics chemistry and design under Kitamura Yaichiro (Doctor of Engineering), an engineer at the Industrial Experiment Station, and Shimada Kayo, a professor at the Tokyo School of Fine Arts.
Statue of Prince Shotoku statue
In the same year, he learned about metal pigment mixtures from a Frenchman named Foucault, who was a professor at a certain university in Germany. In January 1921 In January of the same year, he was commissioned to make a statue of Prince Shotoku by the Shotoku Taishi 1300th Memorial Service, and he has already made over 100 of these statues, which are enshrined in temples across the country. He is also they are also producing celadon, matte porcelain, and other types of pottery, as well as elegant items such as brush marks and comb marks.
Eiga
Eiga The old kilns in the area include the Koryo kiln, Hondo, Yagoya, and Kibayama. Of these, Kibayama is close to the areas of Mitsumata and Fujitsu, while Hondo and the others are close to the area of Kijima.
The Koryo kiln in Nagano Kore kiln
It is said that Kore kiln, which is located in front of Hondo, was opened by Koreans from Takeo-kei Nagoya, who crossed over the Kamimuro mountain range. From this old kiln site, items such as the usual ame-yō (glaze) and gray-yō (glaze) meshi-dashi plates, as well as items with iron painting, have been excavated.
Nagoya kiln valley
The valley of the Nagoya kiln is said to have been opened in 1666 by a branch of the Korean people living on Mount Nagata, in the valley of Otaru-koshi, or the valley of this kiln, and the remains of the old kiln can be seen today at the foot of the mountain shrine. The remains fragments include large bowls of slightly dull celadon porcelain, as well as small plates and incense utensils, and there are also white porcelain pieces with underglaze designs. This area was originally owned by Kanto Kan, but it is now a field.
The area around the kiln site is called the Korya Residence, and is owned by Santaro Suzuta. There is a magnificent gravestone in the cemetery in the forest. It is said that since ancient times, if you cut down the trees at the shrine on this small hill, you will surely incur divine punishment, and no one has ever dared to enter with an axe. Also, there is white sand on the opposite mountain here that looks like glaze material, and there are signs that it has been mined. opposite mountain there is white sand that looks like glaze material, and there are signs of it having been mined.
Kibayama Kiln valley
The valley of the Kibayama kiln is said to be the place where the celadon production method was introduced from Fudoyama, and there are remains of Tenryuji Temple and large celadon plates, as well as ancient floral patterns and water plants carved in relief. There are also many other crude plates and bowls of coarse-grained porcelain plates and bowls were also produced in large numbers. As mentioned above, it was difficult to obtain a suitable clay body for the production of tea bowls, and it is unclear whether this was due to this or some other reason, but it seems that the kiln eventually reached a dead end , the clan intervened and moved it to the Nishi-Koshiki district of Nagasaki, as will be explained later. This opening of the kiln was the beginning of the
Nagasaki ware of Nagasaki
In the 48th year of the Kanbun era (1667), the first kiln was built on the Kibayama mountain. In the 48th year of the Shoutoku era (1714), the first kiln was built on the Nagakoshi mountain. However, in the 2nd year of the Shoutoku era (1712), a new kiln was built on the Nagakoshi mountain, and the kiln was moved there.
According to this it seems that the opening of the Koyama kiln was the result of a special impasse, and that the article below, which is also in the same Sarayama record, is also the opening of the Koyama kiln.
Kanbun 6th year, Nagano Yama Hitoshi until the fourth year of the Shoutoku era, which makes 49 years. The application was submitted by Chikuhei Sakumon Yama, and the official in charge of the kilns, Omura Saburo Sakumon, was appointed.
In other old documents, it is written as follows.
Nagao Yama old documents
Nagao Sara Yama
One kiln 44, 10 people in charge of the inner kama
29 houses with kama
23 houses with kama
4 houses with kama
2 houses with kama
6,620 bales of pottery
9,720 loads of pottery clay thousand
For the pottery, 1 kan (3.75 kg) of silver (2 bu, 3 mon, 2 bu of silver per 1 tan)
However, for the transport of the load, 1 bu, 3 mon, 7 bu of silver
For the transport of the ash, 7 mon of silver per year
For the transport of the sake, 15 mon of silver per year
For the transport of the pot, 345 mon of silver per year
For the water mill, 40 cho
The first Eio-Oosarayama kiln was built in 1666.
From Eio-Oosarayama to the village headman’s house, the road is about 1.1 miles long. This is a shortcut to Arita and Imari via the Noguchigawa River, and is used by people traveling on foot or horseback. To the east, the main road to the Sanomata-Oosarayama kiln passes by houses and fields.
The Eio Pottery
The In the past, during the period of prosperity, there were 15 pottery kilns, with an annual production value of several hundred thousand yen, and in order to make up for the shortage of houses, they even built mountain residences, but at present, it has completely declined Of the 70 households, only 2 or 3 households, including Shimao Eito and Ichinose Mataro, still produce pottery, and the annual production value is 15,600 yen. The products are mainly tea bowls.
Hiekiyama
The majority of Hasa-mi ware produced today is made in Kami-Hasa-mi village, but there is also a mountain called Hiekiyama in Shimo-Hasa-mi village. This area was opened in 1663, and although it is an old pottery site that is not inferior to the mountains of Kami-Hasami as a porcelain production area, at the time it was far from the raw material area and development was somewhat delayed. After that, with the improvement of the roads, it flourished as it gained the convenience of transporting raw materials from the Mitsunomata clay pit, and now, with the establishment of the nearby Mikawachi Station, it has become a modern pottery production area that occupies a good position in terms of the economy.
Benigoya
The old kiln sites in this area include Benigoya, Takao-no-tsuji, Mukaihira, and Hirase. Benigoya is thought to be the oldest of these kilns, and the underglaze blue used on its ware shows a color similar to that of iron glaze. In recent years, a new road has been built in this area, cutting through the remains of these old kilns, and shards are being unearthed from the cut surface. However, the early products include a large number of poorly made bowls and sake bottles that are all a dark black color.
Taihaku Sencha Tea Bowl
Amidst the crude Gozu-style kanzake bottles and tea bowls, there appears a Taihaku thin-rimmed sencha tea bowl that has been skillfully crafted. It is not a skill that any modern craftsman could achieve, and of course the whiteness of its coloring is due to the fact that it is a work made using the stone from the top of Amakusa, but it is also a work that was made by the hands of a contemporary master.
Mukaihira of Hieki-ba
Mukaihira’s old kiln products include tea bowls with a design of pine and willow in underglaze blue, round tea bowls with a design of four-leaf clover, or round tea bowls with a design of mountain water, grapes, or a recumbent dragon plum blossom design, and there are also similar items with a bamboo leaf design and small plates with a pine needle design, all of which have a simple, crude pattern.
Takao no tsuji
The fragments from Takao no tsuji include a 2.5 cm diameter plate with a blue and white floral pattern and a round bowl with a chrysanthemum design, and the style is the same as the above.
Plates with peaches painted on them
In the first year of the Tempo era (1681), a potter from this area produced elegant plates with peaches painted on them on porcelain with a crackled surface, and presented them to Omura Nobushige, the feudal lord of the area. , and from that time onwards, the tea bowl (also known as a peach-shaped teacup) with the peach design on it was presented to the shogunate every year on the 3rd day of the 3rd month of the lunar calendar via the Nagasaki Magistrate. After the Meiji Restoration, the kilns were run by Tetsuo Fukuda, Eisaku Tasaki, Taziro Koyanagi, Utaro Honishi, Yaemon Fukuda, Keitaro Matsuo, and others.
Keitaro Matsuo
Keitaro, in particular, succeeded to his father Magokumon’s business and worked hard to make a success of it, while also working to develop the local industry and establish the Hieizan Porcelain Joint-Stock Company and became its president. In 1906, he borrowed low-interest funds to establish the Shimohasami Pottery Credit Sales Association, of which he became president, and greatly benefited his fellow potters.
He also devoted himself to a number of public works projects, and passed away on September 11, 1922.
The present Hiekiyama
The products here are mainly tableware, especially tea bowls, and the industry is very lively. Furthermore, it is very convenient to get to, and is located just one ri from Mikawachi Station. Recently, the road has been rebuilt, and regular taxis now run from the station to the Utsumi and Nakao areas. During the boom years, it is said that the eighteen kilns produced a total of nearly 400,000 yen a year. There are currently 110 households with 8 kilns, and the most prominent of these include Koyanagi Kichisue, Honishi Kenzo, and Nakao Kurazo. This area is also known as a superior agricultural village, and 40 students are currently undergoing practical training in pottery making at the Shimohasami Village Agricultural Community School.
Nagata Mountain
From here, I would like to return to Kamihasami and talk about the old kiln sites on Nagata Mountain. This is in the Iishi district of Kami-Hasami Village, on the side of the old road about 7 or 8 chō away from Nakao Mountain. There is a 24 cm deep bowl made of Tenryū-ji celadon porcelain, with a foot ring about 1.5 cm in diameter, which is made of a series of 5 or 6 bowls, and is turned upside down. I think that the reason for the small size of the pedestal is that the celadon ware here is not only made using soft clay, but also because it is not a well-made piece. This celadon ware includes dishes with raised and sunken patterns, as well as dishes with underglaze blue designs. Other light gray underglaze blue porcelain includes tea bowls with a black-and-white pattern and small plates with a green double-brush pattern, which are made using a snail-eye technique.
Nakano Yukie
It is said that this area was inspected by the Korean potter Yukie and his brothers during the Keicho period (1596-1615) under the domain lord, Oomura Suminori. As he grew older, Yukyo changed his name to Nakano Shichiro, and it is said that the Nakano family spread to Nakao and Nagao mountains, and that the Korean people discovered the raw materials for celadon in Kawaharagawachi.
Korya Kawauchi
Kawahara Kawauchi is located in the present-day Yumuta-gō Utsumi, and Utsumi is the site of the remains of the gold rush dream, where Shigetoshi Shindo of Kagoshima borrowed a large sum of money from the Kogyo Bank to mine gold, and the raw material site is located near the old office. It is also called “Korya-Kawauchi” after the Korean who discovered it at the time.
Nagata Mountain and San-no-jiki
On the plate of the San-no-jiki, there is an inscription that reads “Nagata Mountain, Ujina Nakano Gunbei, standing in opposition to the official Yamaguchi Hachirobei”. It seems that Gunbei was a descendant of the Kei family, and he is seen as the founder of Nagata porcelain , it is said that in 1635, during the time when Mikawa-no-kuni’s Sanokoshi came to try his hand at making porcelain, he was ordered by the lord of the Hirado domain to return to his home and that the business was taken over by Koyanagi Kichiemon of this area. Therefore, it is said that porcelain was already being produced here more than 60 years before the 10th year of Genroku (1697).
There is also a different theory that Sanjōjiki was fired at Nakao Mountain. However, if we go by the theory that the raw materials for Hakudake were discovered in 1634, it is not unreasonable to assume that Sanjōjiki came to Nakao in the following year of 1635.
Koyanagi Kichiemon
If it is true that Kichiemon, who was his most prominent pupil, burned pottery at Nagata Mountain, then of course it is reasonable to assume that Sanjokyu brought the materials from Hakudake to this place to test-fire them, as this place is adjacent to Nakao Mountain and was also the site of an earlier pottery kiln.
Nagatayama Pottery
Anyway, Nagatayama, along with Muraki, is without a doubt the oldest pottery site in the Hasami pottery mountains, and fragments of black pottery have been discovered there in later years. There are sake bottles with a gray glaze and iron-painted floral designs, and others with a purple glaze around the mouth, or with a beautiful glaze like that of a tea caddy. There are also purple-glazed teacups and tea-serving vessels, as well as unsuke (a type of jar with a spout on the shoulder, also known as dogura in Saga) made by Yoshiukimon.
Tabetsu
A recently discovered ancient kiln site is located in the area of the village of Yumuta, where the deity of the road (Torigoe) is said to reside. This place is on the eastern foothills along the stream, which is the border between the Orikoshi and Yumuta districts. Although the kiln sites cannot be seen now, there are shards scattered all around. There are bowls and plates with a light coating of brown clay, and there are also large bowls and plates with a blue-gray glaze, blue-brown glaze, gray glaze, or dark brown glaze. All of them are unglazed, and some of them are completely crescent-shaped. In general, many of them are tightly and finely fired, like stoneware. These are the mountains of Hasa-mi ware.
Utsumi
As mentioned above, the Utsumi area of the Yumuta district of Kami-Hasa-mi Village was a gold mining area in the past, and after millions of yen were invested in the area, it became a convenient place for the demand of goods, with houses and buildings built close together. Furthermore, as Arita Station is located just over a mile away and the market is close by, the rationalization of modern industrial economies has led to a trend of old kilns gradually moving to this area. And the factories here are also very lively.
The founding of Uchimino Shinzan began 16 or 17 years ago when Mokutaro Ota of Mitsumata opened a kiln here, and then 8 or 9 years ago, Masa Matsuo of Nakaoyama also came and built a kiln, and then in 1927, Kaname Baba also came from Nakaoyama, and all of them have been actively producing pottery. The products they make include sake barrels and tea bowls for tea ceremonies.
Nishinohara
Nishinohara in Kami-Hasami Village’s Iishi District was opened by Takejiro Fukushige from Nakao Mountain fourteen or fifteen years ago, and then Zentarou Nakao from the same area moved there in 1932.
The products they make are mainly tableware, and they are very high quality. The annual production value of the two of them is probably around 30,000 yen.
Kanaya Higashiyama
In the Higashiyama area of Kanaya, Kami-Hasami Village, Ota Masao opened a pottery and has been manufacturing sake barrels and other goods for export to Korea, with an annual production value of 10,000 yen.
Ota Shikaichi of Nishiyama
In Nishiyama, in the village of Kamihasami, Ota Shikaichi of Mimata opened a pottery in 1906, and a new kiln has been built, with new machinery installed, making it a model factory for the region. The products are mainly low-grade goods for export to Korea, but in addition to tableware, they have also recently started to make sake barrels. Ota Shikaichi has a particular strength in the production of goods for export to Korea, and during his period of prosperity, this factory alone produced 190,000 yen per year, but now this has fallen to a quarter of that amount.
Types of goods for export to Korea
In the current economic downturn, the output of all factories has inevitably decreased, and on the other hand, it is also undeniable that the improvement in the lives of Koreans has led to changes in the traditional equipment and utensils used. Originally, the main types of daily necessities exported to Korea were rice bowls, soup bowls (also written as “tei-chop”) and toilet bowls.
Changes in demand in Korea
In addition, the recent rapid increase in the number of Japanese emigrants and the close contact they have with the local people has led to a tendency for their way of life to become more Japanese, and even those who had previously used the traditional Korean bowls and plates have gradually come to use bowls and plates like those used by the Japanese. As for the yokan, it is thought that it is related to the climate of the region and to the fact that it is a habit that is difficult to break.
In the past, many of the best products were sold in Seoul, Incheon and Pyeongtaek, and the destinations for the best products were Wonsan, Cheongjin and Nasan, but in recent years, the recession has led to a boom in demand for cheap products everywhere, and even in Seoul, there is a trend towards these best products being welcomed.
Ceramic Guidance Center
In 1930, the Nagasaki Prefectural Ceramic Guidance Center was established in Nishihara, Iishi-go, Kami-Hasami Village. From 1920, the Nagasaki Commerce and Industry Department appointed Mitsuru Yokoyama, a commerce and industry engineer, to provide guidance on ceramic technology, but because the area was far from the pottery industry, various inconveniences could not be avoided, so it was decided to set up a guidance center in the pottery area and have instructors stationed there.
Kenichi Kondo
The director of the school, Kenichi Kondo (a native of Seto), has one foreign technical assistant, one assistant, and one craftsman, and the school is currently holding classes on design, distributing designs, new products, assisting with inventions, making and distributing plaster molds, and manufacturing and distributing kiln tools. The total budget for this is 7,230 yen, which is less than one-third of the amount that the director had hoped for, but the facilities are very well-equipped. It also maintains contact with the aforementioned design school and the apprentice training school in Mikawachi. Director Kondo’s diligent research is held up as an example by the director of the testing laboratory.
Choko-zan Fushin Kobunsho
These are the new and old mountains of the Hasami kilns. In addition, there are the ruins of an old kiln in Nagasaki City’s Nishi-Sagae County, which was also part of the former Omura domain and was moved from Kibayama in Nagao, as mentioned above. However, according to the old document on the left, it is understood that the ruins of the pottery mountain were already being used as a kiln 20 years before that.
It was fired 20 years ago
Choko Sarayama, until the same year, it was three years
The right person is the official who started the construction from June of the second year of the Shoutoku era
The official in charge of the construction, Tominaga Gorosakumon-dono
The official in charge of the construction, Omura Saburodayu-dono
The official in charge of the construction, Kitasuke Ukumon-dono
Kiyama: Yukumoto Shirozaemon
Sarayama: Fukuda Hachizaemon
The number of people on the right were ordered to go to Nakao Heizaemon on the 26th day of the 6th month of the 2nd year of Shoutoku, and to stay there until the 3rd day of the 1st month of the following year, to check the progress of the kiln construction.
According to the above, it seems that the kiln was opened in 1692, twenty years before the Shoutoku era (1712), and then closed down, and the kiln at Kibayama was moved to the new location.
Old kiln products from Choyo
The remaining pieces of Chōei porcelain include plates with a slightly yellowish glaze and a nine-pattern design drawn in the style of Kōshū, and they were fired in a snake-eye kiln. There are also pieces such as a five-inch bowl with a design of a mountain landscape and a piece of tsukune (mashed sweet potato) that are said to be products made before the kiln was moved from Kibayama.
The remaining pieces from after the transfer include a seven-inch bowl with a very simple style of landscape painting in underglaze blue, a five-layered teacup with a wide painted stripe in the center, and a four-inch bowl with a rough painting of reishi mushrooms and giri in a six-sided split. After 64 years, the kilns were moved to Tobe Mountain in Iyo in 1775.
Kawata
In recent years, porcelain has been manufactured in Kawata, Higashi-Saga Prefecture, on the coast of Omura Bay. The raw material is the same as for Hasami ware, and they are using Amakusa stone to make braziers, sake barrels, and items for export to Korea. The first person to open a kiln was Tasaki Enzo of Minomata, and now his kiln has been taken over by Tawaraya Yoshihachi. In addition, Haze Kazumi and Yamaguchi Bunichi are also said to be producing around 34,500 yen worth of pottery each year.
In short, the main products of Hasamiyaki are everyday items, and there is a lot of potential for development in this area. The local area of Mitsumata is also very strong in terms of producing high-quality raw materials. However, recently, there has been a tendency for potters to think that they cannot make good pottery without using Amakusa stone, and there is a tendency for potters to neglect research into the application of local materials.
If the raw materials are strong enough to withstand the expected firing temperature, the progress of modern science has completely solved the problem of removing the iron sulfide contained in the raw materials, using methods such as electromagnetic separation, flotation machine (flotation concentrator) methods, or chlorine bleaching. The only question is how to exploit it economically. And in addition to fuel and production efficiency, the economic issue of raw materials is also an important area of research in the production of daily necessities.
Research at the Ota Factory
However, it has now been proven that it is possible to make complete products using only the materials from the Togishikawa River. In other words, at the Ota Factory in Nishiyama, they are making products for Korea using only the Togishikawa River as the main ingredient, and they are also mixing in a small amount of Kaime to make complete products. According to the above manufacturing method, the cost of the clay, which would normally cost 230 sen per 1 yen using only Amakusa clay, can be reduced to 90 sen by using Togishikawa clay and Kawaime clay.
Furthermore, at the same factory, they are researching the use of Togishikawa clay as the main ingredient in the production of even large objects such as sake barrels, and are confident that they will be able to produce them. In this way, research into the completion of the desired product by supplementing only the lacking qualities, or by adjusting them, without using the local stones as the main ingredient, is a matter that each pottery artist should consider carefully.
