Guide to the Road of Ri Sam-pei
When the army of the Korean War of the Nabeshima clan advanced along a side road and came to a mountain path, they found a house in the distance and ordered three Koreans living in the house to guide them. One of them, a man of about 25 or 26 years of age, called Ri Sampei, became the guide from this point onwards, and he went to great lengths to provide for our army, even going so far as to requisition provisions and hire oxcarts.
The arrival of Yi Sam-Pyung
In December 1598, when Naoshige was returning to the army, he ordered his chief strategist, Tsunayoshi Katsunomori Yasunobu (at this time he was known as Ryuzoji Rokurojiro Iekyu) to bring Yi Sam-Pyung to Japan. The reason for this was that if he were to remain in Korea, even if he were to be given a lot of money, it would be difficult to protect him from the Japanese army, who would be sure to harm him in some way. From this point on, Ri Sam-Pyong was to travel to Japan with the army of Taku.
Taku Yasunobu
The head of the Taku clan in the Ogi region, Yasunobu, was originally called Iekyu, and was the eldest son of Nagayoshi, the grandson of Ryuzoji Ikenobu, and the nephew of Takanobu. Not only was he a man of outstanding natural talent and bravery, but he also took an active role in the administration of his domain as a councilor, and he and his colleague, Shigetomo Hirose, were known as the ‘twin pillars’ of their time. In particular, the development of Arita ware pottery owes a great deal to the management of the Takusu family, beginning with Anjun.
Formerly the Taku Clan
The Hizen Taku estate became the fief of Taku Taro Hei Munenaga, the son of Tsukui Yoshitaka, during the time of Minamoto no Yoritomo. In 1191, his son Hei Munenaga led 300 of his retainers to this area and built Kajimine Castle here. For three hundred years, successive generations of the family ruled as lords of the castle, and they owned twelve million koku of land, including the area around Yokobeta in Keshima.
However , in 1564, the Taku Ueno no Sukesato clan was defeated by Ryuzoji Takanobu and the Kajimine Castle fell, and the old Taku clan was destroyed. However , Takayoshi’s younger brother, Nagayoshi, took over the area and was granted a stipend of over 10,000 koku of rice. In later years, he changed the Ryuzoji family name to the Taku family name.
The new Taku Hisashi
Takau died on October 26th, 1613 at the age of 76. This place is one ri away from the Karatsu Line Takau Station (formerly called Tsubakihara Station), and it is said that there were over 200 households here, but now there are only half that number.
Here I have included a family tree of the main line of the Taku clan, the Ryuzoji clan, to show the relationship between the Nabeshima clan and each of the various branches. (See the Ryuzoji family tree)
Kanaga Kanezō
Ri Sam-pei was taken to Saga Castle along with his followers, but he was gradually assimilated into Japanese culture, and he changed his surname to Kanezō, taking the name of his hometown of Kimgang Island in Gyeryong Mountain in Chungcheongnam-do, and he came to be called Sam-pei.
Now he was given a role of some kind, but as he was a man of a different language and customs, he was of no use whatsoever, and yet as he was a man of particular merit, he was unwilling to be left to live as many other Koreans were, so the castle greatly troubled by this situation, and after much discussion, they decided that if they entrusted the matter to Takauji, who had come to the island on the same ship as Takauji, he would be able to make a good decision, so they sent a man to Takauji with a letter.
Sanbei E came to Taku
In the same way as in Saga, if he could not find any use for himself, he became a guest who was fed and looked after until he could speak the language, and he was called out from time to time to answer questions from the village headman. At one time when asked by Anshun what he did in Korea, he replied that he made ceramics.
In the In the Kinko Documents, it is written that in Joseon, Naoshige was asked “What kind of work do you do to make a living? The two people who reported this were both farmers, and one of them, Ri Sanpei, was a Chinese person who had been making pottery exclusively since ancient times. . The person who made this report was a descendant of Sanbei, and he made this report to the Taku family based on his own understanding of the situation at the time. It is by no means certain that this is true.
Sanbei Yūsho (history)
Regarding the information in this section, there is a document in the Taku family archives from 1805 (Bunka 2) that is a history of Kanagae Sanbei.
Kanagae Sanbei Yūsho no Koto
Kanagae Kinkae Sanbei was originally a Korean, and in the past, when Lord Minamoto no Yoshimori was in Korea, Sanbei served as a guide for the Japanese army, and in the battle he threw away his life in loyalty to his lord. When he returned to Japan, he was summoned by the lord, but he was unable to come because he had been harmed by the Koreans. . At that time, Nagato no Kami Yasunobu and his men crossed the sea to Korea. The people of the country were called the “Ri” clan, and the people of Kim Kae Island were called the “Kim Kae” clan. I would like to ask the same of you. In that case, I would like to ask you what kind of industry you are engaged in in your country. I have heard that you are engaged in pottery, so I would like to ask you to send someone to try pottery making at my private estate, called Onna-yama. As you can see, the pottery that has been made there is of a very high standard, so I would like to ask you to send someone to try pottery making at various places. . As there was no clay or other suitable materials, the Lord of Nagato requested that I test the pottery and gave me permission to do so. I traveled around the country looking for suitable clay, and finally found the best clay in Arita. I then moved to the village of Kamishirakawa, where I began to make pottery. Nowadays, it has become a place where the best of the country’s pottery is made, and it is said that the work of Kanagae Sanbei was instrumental in the founding of the pottery. The history of the founding of the pottery is as follows: The pottery was brought to Sakai by a descendant of the founder, and it has been passed down from generation to generation ever since. As for the descendants of Sanbei and his wife, they have been granted a stipend from the Mimasaka governor, Shigenori, down to the present day. As for the descendants of Sanbei and his wife, they have been granted a stipend from the Mimasaka governor, Shigenori, down to the present day. As for the descendants of Sanbei and his wife, they have been granted a stipend from the Mimasaka governor, Shigenori, down to the present day. As for the descendants of Sanbei and his wife, they have been granted a stipend from the Mimasaka governor, Shigenori, down to the present day. As for the descendants of Sanbei and his wife, they have been granted a stipend from the Mimasaka governor, Shigenori, down to the present day. As for the descendants of Sanbei and his wife, they have been granted a stipend from the Mimasaka governor, Shigenori, down to the present day.
Hearing this, he ordered that they should try making them straight away, and they built a kiln in a corner of the Jigaoka area (this is the area at the top of the O-toge Pass, below the Ogoe graveyard. In later years, this area was called “Karajinkoba”) and fired some test pieces, and in any case, various types of pottery were produced. Looking at the remains of these pieces now are small dishes with a dark blue-black glaze, and others with a glaze that is still blackish, and which have been decorated with iron cats. Some of them have a glossy color due to the fact that they were fired at high temperatures, and some of them are distorted in a pitiful way.
Korya Valley and Oyama Old Kiln
Next, he moved his kiln to Korya Valley (Yamanokuchi, also known as Sara-ya), which is next to the dan-no-ki-ba area, but the only remains here are a couple of iron-colored tea bowls about 2 inches in diameter, and unglazed red clay vessels with a diameter of about 5 inches and a height of about 3 inches. Next, he also made pottery at the Ooyama kiln in Nishitakuma Village, but he was unable to produce any good pieces.
Sanbei’s searching
for suitable clay, he was not satisfied with the clay he found in the Taku domain, and so he set out to find good clay in the Saga domain. He then asked the domain for permission to search for clay wherever he liked, and when he obtained this permission, he left Taku in the late Keicho period to set up a kiln in this area. . It was in the late years of the Keicho era that Sanbei left Taku alone, and it was probably 15 or 16 years after he had opened a kiln in this area.
Hoshiro During this time, while he was making pottery in Taku, there were many students and Japanese people who learned his techniques, so even after Sanbei left, it was as if the pottery industry was being continued, such as the Hoshiro Kiln, which was built on the site of the former Tameike pond in the Takuji area, was opened later in the year, and there are currently the remains of a 13 ken-tou kiln, with a piled-up kiln site to the right.
The old kiln wares There is a shallow bowl 7 inches in diameter with a wave brush pattern in dark brown glaze and the same whorl brush pattern on the bottom, and a 4-inch bowl with a mist brush pattern in greenish brown glaze. There is also a seven-inch bowl with a wave brush pattern in an egg-colored glaze and a spiral brush pattern on the bottom, and a small plate with a white brush pattern in a greenish brown glaze and a four-eyed pattern on the bottom.
Fujinokawachi Negotiations for porcelain production
In the later years of the life of Sanbei after his departure, the details of the planning of porcelain production in the Taku domain are outlined here. The Ooyama kiln in Fujinokawauchi in the western part of the Taku domain was closed down during the Kyoho period (1716-1736) ), the kiln was closed down, but the kiln site was repaired and the plan was made to invite Sen-no-kawara Denbei (a retainer of the Taku family) from Iimari-go-shi to reopen it. This was not the same as the old pottery was not the same as the pottery of the past, and it was hoped that white porcelain would be made using Amakusa stone, so there was a great deal of hesitation about this project among the people of the Arita Kinkae clan and other potters . I will show you a selection of the details of the negotiations with the Arita magistrate and others at the time, as recorded in the Takuko Documents.
Takuko Documents
Kuchikakushi Tatsugaku
In the past, there were several pottery mountains in the private estates of this area, but in the last ten years or so, they have been destroyed. Originally, the pottery mountains were used to make the pottery that was presented to the Korean King when he returned from his campaign in Japan. Kanagae Sanbei, who was in charge of this, was summoned to the court of the Lord of Nagato, and he was given a green field to work on. . I have heard that he is engaged in some kind of industry in that country. When I asked him about it, he said that he was making pottery. Because of this, I have tried to make pottery in various places in my territory. please come and see the pottery. I have found a suitable clay in Arita and am now making pottery in Shirakawa. The pottery I have made there is of the highest quality, so I have decided to move there. The pottery I have made there is of the highest quality, so I have decided to move there. The pottery I have made there is of the highest quality, so I have decided to move there. The pottery I have made there is of the highest quality, so I have decided to move there. The pottery I have made there is of the highest quality, so I have decided to move there. The pottery I have made there is of the highest quality, so I have decided to move there. The pottery I have made there is of the highest quality, so I have decided to move there. The pottery I have made there is of the highest quality, so I have decided to move there. The pottery I have made there is of the highest quality, so I have decided to move there. The pottery I have After that, the kilns were moved to a place called Fujinokawa, and the kilns there continued to operate for many years. However, from the time of the great famine in the Kyoho era, the kilns gradually declined, and the kilns were finally closed. However, I have been unable to make progress with this matter, and I have not been able to make use of the land and other resources that I own. In recent years, I have been considering various ways of making use of the products that I have, but I have not yet been able to make a decision. I have tried to burn a little of the old kiln remains, etc., and there is also a suitable piece of land to the right and left. If you can do this, please do not forget to take care of the kiln coating and other aspects of the process. , there is no one to guide us, and we are unable to do anything. The person in charge of the right-hand side of the market is called Hara Denbei, and he is familiar with the workings of the kama and the private estates. I will call on you again from time to time to ask you to help out with this matter. Of course, there is no need to call on everyone. However, as this is a matter of great importance, I would like you to convey this message to the people in your area. I would be grateful if you could do so.
February 9th, 2012 Aioi Daimon
Nagafuchi Shuichikomon
Fujiyama Matuemon
Haizuka Kizaemon
For the reopening of the pottery mountain And, as for the matter of the call to the private estate of the Yoshida clan, it has been decided that the call will be made at the time of the annual festival. I have also passed on the information to Kizakomon Haizuka and to Genkuemon Yoshioka, and they have passed it on to Kizakomon. Genkuemon has been called upon to give a speech about the reopening of the pottery kilns, and he has been asked to pass on the information to the people of the area. During the time of the call, the letter was sent out and the elders heard the request and carried it out. In particular, the section about the plate mountain deputy official Sekiemon was well understood.
The letter was sent out sent out, and the translation of the letter is as follows. I have been called upon to discuss the matter, and I have been asked to send you a letter. I hope you will be able to understand the contents of the letter. area, and I was told that I would be asked to move out, but I have been living here for a while now. Is there a place where I can stay? I would like to know the situation. I do not know how long it will take to complete the construction of the road. I will be waiting for your reply. I have been informed that the officials in charge of the matter have conveyed this to the authorities and that they are working to resolve the situation. However, it is true that the kilns have been gradually repaired over the past few decades, and I would like to ask you to consider the situation and take the necessary steps to restore the kilns. I would like to be called upon again and again until I have fulfilled my duties. I would like to hear from you about the details of the matter, and I would like you to send me a written reply. I would like to be appointed as the representative of the pottery kiln, and I would like to be entrusted with the task of managing the affairs of the pottery kiln.
I would like to receive a reply from you. ware-making at the Kama-yaki kilns = I have heard that you have not been able to fulfill your request to be appointed to the position of chief of the kilns. I have been told that you have been living in the Ichinose area since then, and I would like to know if it would be possible to arrange for you to be appointed to that position. I have received your letter explaining the situation, and I understand your situation. the two elders of the village council had a discussion and decided to ask the people of the village to discuss the matter among themselves. However, the people of the village did not agree with the elders’ decision, and they asked the elders to reconsider their decision. I have no way of expressing my gratitude to the officials in charge of the matter. I would like to ask you to inquire with the officials in charge of the matter to see if they can provide any support. . I would like to request that you send someone from the relevant department to discuss the matter. I have heard from the person in charge that the relevant department has sent someone to discuss the matter. There are various reasons for this. First of all, Uchiyama Kamayaki has also been involved in the discussions, and there are various problems that have been raised. . It is difficult to say that this is the case, but it is also true that it is not possible to establish a business relationship without communication. I have always felt that this is the case. From the very beginning, I have been in contact with Tsukasa Kogemon, and we have been discussing the matter privately. However, the people of Uchiyama have been spreading various rumors, and it is difficult to establish a good relationship with them. I will explain the situation in detail, so please listen to what I have to say. There is a way to get through this, so please do not give up. I will do my best to solve this problem. I have been asked to help with the inquiries, but I am unable to do so. I have been told that the person in charge of this matter is Fujita, but he is unable to help. Of course, I will do my best, but I am unable to do anything more than that. if it is possible for one of the right people to come over, please do so. I will explain the situation to the people in charge of the village and ask them to come over. I will explain the situation to the people in charge of the village and ask them to come over. I will explain the situation to the people in charge of the village and ask them to come over. I will explain the situation to the people in charge of the village and ask them to come over. I will explain the situation to the people in charge of the village and ask them to come over. I will explain the situation to the people in charge of the village and ask them to come over. I will explain the situation to the people in charge of the village and ask them to come over. I will explain the situation to the people in charge of the village and ask them to come over. I will explain the situation to the people in charge of the village and ask them to come over. I will explain the situation to the people in charge of the village and ask them to come over. I will explain the situation to When the right hand is arranged, there is no problem with the officials in charge of the work, so please arrange it as you have stated in the letter. Yesterday, the officials in charge of the work were dispatched as stated in the attached letter, so please arrange it as you have stated in the letter. If you have any further questions, please contact us. If that is the case, then I will send you a letter as soon as possible. However, there is a good chance that it will be different from the previous one. Please understand that there is a good chance that it will be different from the previous one. However, if you do not do so, there is also the possibility that we will be unable to arrange a meeting. Please take this into consideration. risk consultation can be done in 12 days and 3 days, so please understand. During this exchange, there are some things that are difficult to explain in writing, so please let me know when you have time. I will also send a letter to the head of the household.
February 10th, Yoshio Kenkun
Kajiwara Kurozaemon-dono
In addition to the main text, the second attached document Kane-ga-e and the others have various meanings that are not related to the summons. However, I would like to ask for a few more days. Of course, the details of the matter must be kept secret. I will be leaving, but I will be able to help with the arrangements. However, there are other matters that need to be taken care of, so please be patient. □□ general use is also not possible, but it is possible to arrange it, and it is also possible to say that it is only a matter of time. However, it is not possible to say that it is a matter of time. However, it is not possible to say that it is a matter of time. However, it is not possible to say that it is a matter of time. However, it is not possible to say that it is a matter of time. However, it is not possible to say that it is a matter of time. However, it is not possible to say that it is a matter of time. However, it is not possible to say that it is a matter of time. However, it is not possible to say that it is a matter of time. However, it is not possible to say that it is a matter of time. However, it is not possible to say that it is a matter of time. However, it is not possible to say that it is a matter of time. However, it is not possible to say that it is a matter of time Hachie, who discovered the white porcelain of Arita and started porcelain production, was more than a hundred years later. If you look at the document on the right, it is said that if the pottery mountain in the Taku domain is revived as a porcelain mountain, it is not something that the Arita kilns like, and in the end they will submit an objection or interfere. If the pottery mountain in the Taku domain is revived as a porcelain mountain, it is something that the Arita pottery makers do not like, and it seems that they are very troubled by the prospect of having to submit objections or even start a campaign of obstruction.
It is clear that the Taku domain porcelain mine and as the supervisor of the production business, it is easy to imagine the delicate position he was in.
Oyama New Kiln
In this way, the business problem was finally resolved, and the process of porcelain production was underway, but after a few years the kiln was closed again, and this is the Oyama Shinkama in Fujinokawauchi (not to be confused with Fujinokawauchi in Matsuura Village, Nishimatsuura County).
According to the records of the Taku family in April of the first year of Bunsei (18 18th year of Bunsei (1848), according to the writings of Takuo Fumi, there is a passage that says, “In relation to the matter of the reopening of the pottery mountain, the request for the reopening of the old winter purchasing method was submitted by the purchasing manager Ogata San’emon and Takukawa Tadayoshi, and the matter was looked over by Kimura Matashiro.” This is as if the old Oyama kiln in the same place was re-opened by Kimura Matashiro, but was revived by Matashiro Kimura, but like that, it fell into financial difficulties in the Tempo era and was eventually abandoned.
In addition, in the same area, in the village of Kitakata in the Kushima district Nishinoura, in the valley of the star-shaped pottery kiln, was a pottery kiln from around 1860, and there is also a pottery kiln called “Tojin-hara” (Chinese field) about 8 or 9 chō (approx. 2.4 km) to the south of the same place, but this is not of Korean lineage, but is the remains of an old Japanese-style pottery kiln. With the above, we have finished the Taku kiln, we will return to the article and describe the arrival of Kinkaegata Sanbei in Arita.
Sanbei descends towards Minamigawara
Nabe Having been granted permission by the Nabeshima clan to search for pottery clay, Sanbei heard that the Koreans were very active in the pottery industry in the Minamigawara area of Shimomatsuura Arita, and so he headed south along the Kijima Kaido Road, aiming to reach this area first he came to a place called Itano-gawachi, where he came across a mountain where Koreans from the same region were making pottery. It is unclear whether he stayed in this area or not, but he certainly stopped by there on his way. From there, he entered a small barrel, he came out of the Otani Road into Iwayagawachi, and then, on the banks of Minamigawara, he took off his traveling clothes at the bridge called “Midai Bridge” (now called “Sandai Bridge”).
Arita in the mountains
At that time, the area of Arita was was the area from the present-day Oyama Village to Magarikawa Village and Arita Village, and it was the territory controlled by the Arita clan, the lords of Karafune Castle in Oyama Village. At that time, the main post town was Oki no Yado , and places such as Yoshino, Yamaya, and Kurokawa, which were each a village in their own right, the present-day Arita Town was at that time a deep mountain valley, with only a path for lumberjacks , and only a few scattered farmhouses could be found along the hidden path to Otaru, but places like Tanakamura were well known. Therefore, as far as the pottery mountains were concerned, the Kuromuta and Minamikawa and Minamikawa regions were opened early on, and of the Arita mountains, only Otaru and Iwayagawachi, which face the pass, were the first places opened by the Koreans.
The Hyakken Kiln Theory and the Ranbashi Theory
Then, as for where Sanbei opened his first kiln opened his first kiln, there are some who argue that it was the Hyakken Kiln in Itano-gawachi, contrary to the traditional theory that it was the Ranjyo Kiln. Furthermore, when comparing the products made in Taku and the products of the Hyakken Kiln, the technical style and the wide variety of styles of the Hyakken Kiln products do not seem to match up, but when it comes to the products of the Kirebashi Kiln, it is not completely unreasonable to see them as being linked to the products of the Taku Kiln.
There are also those who say that the old products of the Hyakken Kiln are similar in some ways some people say that they are related to the Takeuchi family, but they are actually from a completely different family, and they are Koreans from Kanegasima, the same hometown as Sanbei, as I will explain later. I will take this opportunity to describe the Itano-Kawachi family of kilns and avoid confusion in the article.
Itano-gawachi lineage
Itano-gawachi is a small district of Sumiyoshi Village in the present-day Kushima County, about 15 or 16 towns to the east of Arita-sarayama, and is a small village of 12 or 13 houses nestled in the mountains. This area was established in 1637 ), and was one of the thirteen Sarayama kilns. At the time when the production of ceramics using the raw materials from Izumiyama was flourishing, there were many houses here, but now they have all been completely destroyed. It is unclear when the kilns were first built here, or when they were abandoned. There are four old kiln sites here the one on the left of the entrance is Kuzan, the one on the right is Danba Kirizuki, and the one at the end of the valley is Hyakken Kiln, which is famous for its clay walls.
The name “Hyakken Kiln” does not mean that there are 100 chambers in a row , but it is also used to refer to the kiln that Sanbei rebuilt in Otaru in later years.
Ziegel Excavation
At this Itano-gawauchi Hyakken Kiln , it can be determined from the fact that the Arita post office manager, Haratori, obtained it during the excavation of the remains that the Koreans of the time used the Seigel (clay fire resistance test) to test the fire resistance of celadon glaze.
In addition to this three-dimensional Seigel, it was discovered that the , it was discovered that they were using a horizontal type of Zegel, which was measured by hanging it like a bridge and adjusting the tension. The first time that Zegel cones were used in our industry was first used in Japan in 1890, when Wagener brought it back from Germany, but it had already been invented and tried out 270 years earlier.
Hyakken Kiln
The old pottery from the Hyakken Kiln includes glazed dishes with elaborate Hana-Mishima inlay, or dishes with a base of chrysanthemum brushwork and a sword-tip Mishima in a greenish brown glaze, or ear-shaped five-inch vases with a tear-drop shape at the bottom and no luster, or comb-shaped dishes with a curved curved lines, and there is also a large plate with a landscape design in Koshu on a makeup hanging, as well as a sea cucumber-shaped vase and a plate with a standing wave brush pattern.
There are also other items such as an egg-colored glazed printed jar, a Kenzan tenmoku tea bowls, gray glazed earthenware, snake-scale glazed tea bowls, peach-colored glazed tea bowls, yellow Seto ware with iron-painted designs, oil-spot Tenmoku vases, and Joseon-style pale blue porcelain with decorative paintings in the Korean style, some of which use stencils to create raised designs on the surface of the glaze. The excellence of the techniques used is of course well known, and the variety of wares produced, including white porcelain, blue porcelain, ruri (lapis lazuli) ware, and kiln-altered wares, is said to be unmatched among the old kilns of Hizen. , blue porcelain, and celadon porcelain, as well as kiln-altered wares, are said to be the best of all the old kilns in Hizen.
Porcelain from the Hyakken Kiln
In terms of porcelain , they are firing large plates and the like on the small footrests that are their traditional style, but of course this is impossible to produce without the hard materials from Izumiyama. Among these, the footrests of the 13.3 cm diameter bowls are fired with a thickness of only is just 2.5 cm in diameter, and it is decorated in Kikyo green underglaze, with peony scrollwork on the rim and a Kano-style landscape of pavilions and mountains on the base. The bold brushwork of the pine trees is truly magnificent.
Other underglaze designs include a hexagonal incense burner with a geometric pattern on the base , and there are also round bowls of outer celadon with inner designs painted by hand. There are also incense burners in the shape of a three-inch-high pillar, with designs of pine husks, bamboo powder, plum blossoms, chrysanthemums, etc., or in the shape of a thousand-layer scroll, with horizontal writing of the words “fuku” and “ju” connected together. There are also tea bowls with a simple and elegant design of the Wu Zhou paintings and calligraphy, and some of them have vigorous depictions of flowers and birds, similar to those seen on Cizhou ware. There are also large plates with cloud patterns and five-inch plates with chrysanthemum patterns on the bottom.
Danba-giri
Danba-giri old kiln products include black There are also bowls with a black speckled design in the underglaze blue and white porcelain, and bowls with a crackled blue and white design. There are small plates with a square seal on the bottom and pine leaves on the side, and there are also thick, high-rimmed tea bowls with a Greek script design. There are also square plates with a high rim that have an old seal stamped on them , and there are also skillfully crafted dishes with a green and red design, or a medium-sized dish with a leaf pattern and a thin layer of white glaze on top, or a four-inch plate with a chrysanthemum and cloud design.
Tsuji of Itano-gawauchi kiln
Tsuji of Itano-gawauchi kiln , there are dishes with rough-looking reeds painted on them in underglaze blue, and octagonal dishes with peony patterns on the inside and plum blossoms painted on the outside. There are also tea bowls with the character “ju” written on three sides of the bowl or a similar item with a design of elegant willows painted on the inside in celadon and the outside in Wuzhou, etc. There were many sencha tea bowls made here. Itano Kawauchi, which was once a thriving pottery center, is now completely deserted, with only a few scattered farmhouses remaining. Looking out over the cultivated fields, the shards of porcelain gleam in the autumn sunlight, preserving the memory of the past.
Tsutsue
The Korean potters of Itano Kawauchi As with the Korean potters in the Otaru and Miyanosato areas of Arita, the first pottery in Tsutsue (Sumiyoshi Village) was said to have been opened in 1632 by Imamura Yahei (Gokan) of Hirado, who was living in seclusion on Mt. Kurokami when he discovered clay here at the foot of the mountain is said to have discovered clay here and opened a pottery, but it was later abandoned. Later, Koreans from Itano-gawachi came and began manufacturing porcelain here from the porcelain period.
Tsutsukeyama is about a mile from Arita-saramayama , and it is also within the domain of the Takeo clan, just like Itano-gawachi, but as a branch of Itano-gawachi, which has a deep connection with the porcelain industry, it was allowed to mine the raw materials from Izumiyama every year until later generations. The oldest kiln site is the kiln at the crossroads, and the upper and lower kilns were opened.
In general, Tsutsue’s underglaze blue and white porcelain many tea bowls with a design of nine-fold scrolls or pine trees on the bottom were produced. In particular, there are many tea bowls with a design of green-ground plum blossoms on the bottom, which are made of celadon porcelain. There are also small bowls with a glaze and pattern similar to that of old Chinese sometsuke resemble old Chinese sometsuke, and in particular, the most outstanding of these are small bowls with a bold brushwork of chrysanthemum patterns on the outside, and a crude landscape painting inside the bottom lines, which are extremely powerful.
Tsujino of Tsutsue Kiln
The old wares of Tsujino of Tsutsue Kiln include a four-inch plate with a large brushwork of chrysanthemum patterns patterned large plates and six-inch bowls with pine, bamboo and plum designs, all of which are made of celadon porcelain and bear the name of Tsutsue Choshun. There are also small bowls with landscapes inside and outside made of celadon porcelain, round Nara tea bowls with water plants designs, and small bowls with plum designs on the rim made of celadon porcelain.
Tsutsue Shin-gama
The old wares of Tsutsue Shin-gama , there are bowls made of celadon porcelain with underglaze blue landscapes, small plates with thunder pattern designs, and tea bowls with a green design on the outside and a concave bottom. The remains of the kilns here are now have been excavated, and the floor of the large kiln is beautifully exposed, giving a very orderly appearance.
Osae Kiln in Shiraishi
The hill opposite this kiln is white, as its name suggests. The products of the Osae kiln here are also similar to those of the previous two kilns there are many celadon wares, and bowls and large plates of around 25cm in diameter are fired. The bowls are mainly decorated with underglaze blue on the outside and overglaze enamels on the inside, and there are also bowls with a design of a palm tree in a study, tea bowls with a design of arrow feathers on the bottom, bowls with a design of a pine tree on the outside and a green design on the inside, and bowls with a design of a circle on the bottom, etc. tea bowls with a hammered bottom, etc., there are quite a few fragments of works from later periods.
Memorial monument for Fukurokichi
It is said that this kiln was in operation until the end of the It is said that the kiln was closed in 1872, although it is said that it continued until the end. A monument was erected, and on it is inscribed the name of Egashira Tsurutaro, who revived the kilns, and next to that is the name Imari Tabata, dated 1865. It is thought that this monument was erected to commemorate the revival of the kilns by the Imari pottery merchant Fukurokichi (Egashira Tsurutaro) of Arita-cho, Imanari, made a kiln here and revived the pottery, and this is a monument to his achievements.
The raw materials for the celadon glaze of Tsutsue
If you climb the mountain next to the kiln If you climb the mountain next to the kiln, you will find a cave about three ken (approx. 5.45m) square at the back, which is called the “Kamigaku-ana” (literally “upper medicine hole”) in common parlance. The brownish stone with a high iron content is said to be the source of the blue glaze used in Tsutsue ware, and seems to have been mined from here, and after the mine was abandoned, it is said that this cave was used as a gambling den for habitual gamblers.
The kiln at Mizuo
In the same way as the kiln at Mizuo in Sumiyoshi-mura, there are about 30 houses here, and it is about half a ri from Arita, and is a village that is almost halfway between Tsutsueyama and is said to be a kiln in the mountains and fields, and it seems that it was opened later than Tsutsue, and although it is a product of the complete period, the details of both the opening and closing of the kiln are unknown. The fragments that are finally discovered by searching through the bamboo grove here are mostly in the style of the Kakiemon school.
There are small dishes with a raised pattern of a bamboo grove, a large white dish with a mokkou-midori (wood grain green) pattern, and a seven-layered dish with a raised pattern of a bamboo grove, as well as a shallow bowl with a pomegranate design, a small dish with an old sometsuke design, and a small dish with a raised pattern of a plum design. Although we found a piece with a deep carving in the middle, the glaze was of a style that was more advanced than the same piece from Tsuie.
Around 1932, a man named Maeda Tatsuiri built a kiln on this Mizuo Road and produced porcelain using Amakusa stone as the raw material. This was a type of porcelain with a layered design of underglaze blue (deep-shaped serving dish). The kiln was closed after a year, and in the ninth year of the same era, it was reopened in the same location as the former kiln, and it is still producing knobs for electrical appliances using the materials from Izumiyama.
Old Kilns in Otaru
Next, in the lineage of the Itano-gawauchi Koreans, the oldest Arita-yama Otaru old kiln wares include many medium-sized plates and bowls with amber or gray glazes, as well as bowls with white slip or brush marks on the iron base, and also taiha-zan and Joseon-style pale blue porcelain. It is not known whether the name “Kou” was taken from the name of the Goryeo dynasty or whether it was a name with a high-sounding Korean pronunciation. What is particularly rare is that ancient-style pottery with rope-patterned decoration was discovered at the kiln site here.
The underglaze blue and white porcelain from this area is similar to that from Itano-gawachi in terms of its small, high-fired style, but the quality of the designs, especially on the plates, is extremely poor. The few fine examples of underglaze blue and white ware that remain are thought to be from the late period after the kilns were moved in 1607. Like Itano-gawa Uchiyama, this is also one of the thirteen mountains established in 1637. From here, the story returns to the main thread and Kanagae Sanbei begins to take action.
A fellow villager from the same region
The fact that Sanbei opened a pottery in the area of the Wara Bridge is also mentioned in the old documents from the Kanae region, which state, “He has temporarily settled in the area of the Wara Bridge, and he is in charge of the daily running of the pottery. However, the Korean potter who is in charge of the pottery is from the area of Kanae, which is in the middle of the Korean Peninsula.” From this, it seems that there were also Koreans from the same hometown as Sanbei living in the Minamigawara area, and that they were probably Koreans from Itano-gawa who moved to this area.
The beginning of the arrival of Korean potters in Hizen
When explaining the origins of the pottery mountains in the Hizen region, the story of the Korean potters who accompanied their feudal lord when he returned to his domain after the war in the Bunroku era is a common one. However, the first time they retreated to Busan was in the third year of Bunroku, and it seems that the first battle of the campaign was in the fifth year of Bunroku in November, and the first battle of the campaign was in the first year of Keicho in January. In short, there is a tendency for many potters to only remember the opening of the kilns during the Korean campaign. During the war, it goes without saying that they often took advantage of the returning ships to come back with them, and even before that, we have to consider the possibility of Koreans coming to Japan even before that.
Tenshou
The origin of things in the Saga region is said to be from the name of the priest Koju, and this is probably the case with the grandfather of Takayoshi, the priest Goutyu. In the Arita region, there is a dialect called Tenshou that means “the first”. For example, it is said that someone won a competition or got a discount from Tenshou. If we define this as the origin of the kilns in this region, it is not unreasonable to interpret it as Tensho. If we trace the origins of pottery making in Arita back to Tensho, it would mean that the kilns were opened 20 years before Bunso.
At that time, the Korean tombstone from 1594 in Kuromuta and the Korean shrine from 1588 in Uchinoyama are not at all suspicious. Therefore, it is not known whether the Koreans in Itano-gawa-uchi had already arrived before Hideyoshi’s invasion of Korea, and the Koreans in the Kuromuta and Komizo areas seem to have arrived a long time ago.
Seiroku’s Crossroads
Sanbei opened a pottery at Seiroku’s Crossroads, which is located near Danre-bashi Bridge. It was a small climbing kiln measuring 3 shaku 5 sun 6 sun, and it remained in place for some 60 or 70 ken down the slope of the railway line until later years. It is also said that the name Kiyoroku came from a Korean potter called Kiyoroku who came to this area and made pottery here.
The old kiln products from this area include fragments of small, rimmed dishes with a candy glaze or gray glaze, and some of these dishes have a thin iron glaze on only half of the surface. There are also tea bowls with a rough iron glaze decoration on top of a white slip.
There are also tenmoku tea bowls, some of which have unglazed foot rings that are half-moon shaped, and others that have creases in the rims. There are also small dishes with unglazed bottoms, but all of them are fired in three-layered stacks.
Seiroku’s Koryo God
Across the railway line, there are the remains of two kilns on this hill, and there are two small stone monuments made of dense-growing Japanese knotweed, with the Koryo God carved into one of them. It seems that this monument was erected in a later period, and the original one is a small natural stone nearby. Considering the slope of the land here, the location of this monument is at the top of the climbing kiln, and it seems to have been worshipped as the usual kiln god, so it would be a misunderstanding to see it as a Korean tombstone now.
Leaving Sanbei Kiyomitsu
This place is located between the small river and the southern riverbank, where the previous Korean residents made pottery, but for some reason, whether it was because they could not obtain good materials or there was a shortage of fuel, or for some other reason, Sanbei there were things that did not satisfy Sanbei’s intentions, and not long after he left, other Koreans came and built kilns here again, and it seems that they even made things like mortar bowls. It goes without saying that he was making a temporary trial production, as the kiln that Sanbei built was quite small.
One theory about the discovery of porcelain
It is thought that after Seiroku left, Sanbei moved from the original location to Itano-gawauchi, and the most likely reason for this is that the people there were either Koreans or from the same hometown as Sanbei. According to the traditional theory, he was one day at the Arita River, when he smelled alum on the surface of the water, and realized that there must be a magnet in this area and, as he followed the river, he found a piece of magnetite at the bottom of the river, and eventually he reached Izumiyama and searched for magnetite (at the Tsurikishiba mine).
It is not known that Sanbei originally intended to discover high-quality pottery clay (black clay) and had the desire to search for the raw materials for the difficult-to-produce magnet at the time. It is difficult to believe that the quartzite, which had not yet been tried, was broken up by the rain and flowed downstream, or that Sanbei’s sense of smell was so keen that he could smell the alum downriver. Furthermore, from this point to the Izumiyama porcelain mine, one would have to travel up the river for about 30 towns.
Discovery of the Izumiyama Mine
According to our speculation, Sanbei fell into the Itano River and, while searching the surrounding area, he happened to come across this large mine of magnetite in the vicinity of Sakai-matsu, which is on the border between the two counties. It is thought that this is a part of the rough-surfaced rock that has become exposed after being turned to magnetite by the action of sulfuric gases and hot springs over many years, and that it is a product of the eruption of a new volcanic rock from the Miocene era in the deep mountains of Arita. Sanbei, who came across this, probably thought that it would be suitable for use as a cosmetic in pottery making or for brush marks, and so he collected it.
When he took it to Itano-gawauchi and fired it, he discovered that it was very hard, and from this he first learned that it was a natural single-fired porcelain, and as a result of various production studies, he soon perfected the production of hard porcelain. When considering whether this production and research was completed by Sanbei alone, or whether it was the result of cooperation with his colleagues in Itanogawa, the author is compelled to conclude that it was completed through cooperation. The reasons for this will be explained in the latter part of this article.
The area of the Sakaimatsu forest
The magnetite discovered is in what is now Nishimatsuura County, but at the border with Kushima County, and is an area of 52 tan (1 tan = 18.24 m2) of forest and 21 tan of residential land, making a total of 159.24 m2. The name “Izuyama” was probably given after the discovery of the magnetite ore, and the area where Sanbei discovered the ore has already been mined out, so corner, there is an old mine called Sanpei Kō at the entrance to the current stone pit, and some people jump to the conclusion that this is the remains of the mine, but this is the remains of the earthen pit controlled by the later-generation Kanenobu Sanpei. Izumiyama magnetite is made up of quartz, feldspar and mica, and it contains iron sulfide. If this is leached, it contains a small amount of alum, and has a specific gravity of 1.5 to 2.7, with a refractory index of 1,748 degrees on the Segel cone. The finest stones have a fine texture, and a light yellow color with multiple rainbow-like lines appears on the surface of the white stone, but if you touch it, you can feel some white powder sticking to your hand.
The Izumiyama magnet was sorted into seven grades from first to seventh, and the uniform components of these seven types, as well as those made from first and third grade stones, are as follows.
Izumiyama Magnet Analysis Table
Izumiyama Magnet Average Analysis Table
Silicic acid 78.63
Alum 14.57
Iron oxide 0.46
Lime 0.36
Magnesia 0.19
Potash 2.24
Soda 0.66
Loss on ignition 2.63
Izumiyama First-Class Stone Analysis Table
Silicic acid 80.39
Alum 13.92
Iron oxide 0.39
Lime 0.03
Magnesia 0.04
Potash 2.72
Soda 0.56
Loss on ignition 2.40
Analysis of Izumiyama No. 3 Stone
Silicic acid 80.05
Alum 13.10
Iron oxide 1.01
Lime 0.06
Magnesia 0.02
Potash 2.69
Soda 0.53
Loss on ignition 2.70
Raw Materials for Glaze and Analysis Table
In addition to the above-mentioned raw materials, there are also raw materials for glaze in what is called the Kamigou mine, which is the result of the decomposition of volcanic rocks from the Tertiary period due to mineral spring action, and the analysis of these is as follows.
Silicic acid 61.97
Alum 12.92
Iron oxide 0.39
Lime 1.59
Trace of potash 4.17
Soda 1.12
The kiln was opened in Tengu Valley
Sanbei then reported the discovery of this magnet to Taku Yasunobu, obtained his permission, and decided to start making porcelain by building a base in Tengu Valley, Kamishirakawa Valley in the mountains of Arita, and called in the 20 or so potters who had been working at the old site in Taku. Judging from the information available here, it seems that the funding came from the Taku clan or was provided by the clan through the efforts of the clan’s representatives. There is a document that he submitted to the clan afterwards.
A letter to the feudal clan
Letter from Saryama Kinkage Sanbei, who has come from Korea
I have been summoned to serve the Lord of Nagato for several years, and this year, in the 38th year of the sexagenary cycle, I have moved to the Arita Saryama district. There are 18 people who have moved from Taku before me, and they are all the children of those people. Noda Jukomon-dono’s eight Chinese children (the term “Chinese child” probably refers to his Korean pottery apprentices) and two Chinese children from Kinoshita Garaku-dono’s household, and three Chinese children from Higashinohara Kiyomoto-dono’s household, and three Chinese children from Taku Hon-saraya-no-mono’s household, and the same number of children from the same household as above, are all living with their masters.
One certain person (either a person who has been employed for a year in advance with a loan, or a person who has been raised from a young age) is Takagi Kubei, and there are four Chinese people in his household. There are three Chinese people in the household of Senbuheimon, and there are 120 people who have gathered from various places, including the brothers of the Arita peasant. All of them are serving with the utmost care and attention.
April 20th, Arita, Sarayama
Sanbei-no-jo seal
Discovery in 1616
According to this document, it says that this year is the 38th year since the year of the fire dragon, and that Sanbei was 38 years old at the time, so the year of the fire dragon was 1616. And since it says that this letter was sent out on the 20th of the fourth month of the following year, it was dated April 20th, 1617. From the information before and after this, it is certain that the discovery of the Izumiyama porcelain mine, which led to the creation of Japan’s white porcelain, took place in 1616. This was in the year 2276 of the Japanese calendar, or 1616 in the Christian calendar, the 44th year of the reign of the Ming Emperor Shenzong, and it was an event that took place 320 years ago when calculated backwards from the present year of 1935.
In this book,
it is said that all of them were former apprentices of Gen Sanbei, and it seems that they all practiced the basics, and each of them had their own pottery wheel. The total number of people is said to be 120, and it seems that this includes not only the potters and their assistants (at first there were no painters, etc.) but also the stone miners and other workers, so it can be seen that a large number of laborers were needed for the development of the land and that production began.
Naoshige first encouraged them
The first kiln was built in Tengu Valley in Kamishirakawa, and as well as the convenience of the abundance of firewood, it was also because of the love of the clear waters of the Shirakawa River, as is written in the Kanagae ancient documents, “First Mizuki Yoshimi”. In addition, when the feudal lord Nabeshima Naoshige heard that the pottery was being made, he was so impressed that he ordered the pottery to be made in the Kawara-yashiki and Kase areas, and even in the nearby Kawara-koji area, where pottery had not been made before. and as the production of white porcelain was a rare occurrence in Japan, it was decided to encourage it as an industry, and it is likely that the control of the business was ordered to the Taku clan due to their existing relationship. (Naoshige died in the fourth year of Genna, the year after this document was submitted)
Sanbei’s marriage
In the same document, it says “Choshu-sama (Takuma Nagamori Yasunobu) gave him a servant girl, and they lived together in harmony”. It is too hasty to assume that he simply received a servant girl from Yasunobu. At the time, Sanbei already had over a hundred servants, so he could have taken a servant girl from this side, but because of Anjun’s arrangement, Sanbei would have been inconvenienced if he remained single, so of course he found a suitable person It seems that they deliberately wrote it in a humble way, saying that it would be impolite to write that the match was arranged by the Choshu clan in the written report at this time, and that they were giving a servant girl as a wife.
The development of Izumiyama porcelain
Also, in the same old document, it says, “Therefore, as the first step in opening up the clay pit, Sanbei took control and began to cut down the trees, and as the pit gradually became more prosperous, it was expanded to a group of 40 workers, and the digging continued. It is said that Sanbei hired 40 laborers to cut open the stone tumor and took control of it, and collected the money as a blessing from each kiln and delivered it to the feudal clan, and although Sanbei did not receive any money for the delivery, it seems that it was passed down to his descendants.
The first products made in Tengu Valley
Among the porcelain that Sanbei produced in Tengudani at the beginning, there are some that are quite impure in terms of color, which is to be expected given that it was the Yokan period. It is unclear whether this is because it was made using the epidermis of the mineral ore or something like natural gypsum, or whether it was due to the immaturity of the firing technology, but it is likely that it was due to the immaturity of the firing technology. Also, the stacking tools, such as the tochin, were made from soft materials, so they had a bow-shaped bend to them. Looking at how much effort was put into their production at the time of the opening of the kilns, it is easy to imagine how much painstaking effort was put into them. Gradually, through the use of high-quality stone and the development of firing techniques, the foundations of Arita ware were laid.
Among the early works, there are some that look like they have been fired in an oxidizing flame, and the glazed surface still shows a sheen. There are also some that have a light yellow color and look like Awaji ware. There are even some that look like Koshū ware, but the coloring has not yet reached that stage, and they look like ironware. This was a phenomenon that was also observed in the Hyakken Kiln, and was a natural process during the period of its creation. Even in later generations, it is not uncommon for this reduction flame firing method to present this situation due to insufficient firing or poor fire circulation.
The False Theory of the Origin of Tenjin-no-mori
However, the only kiln that can be called a “founding kiln” is the Tenjin-no-mori kiln in Minamigawara, which has no trace of the aforementioned failures and has produced perfectly fired wares. Therefore, even if we look at this one point, there is no doubt that the theory of the originality of the porcelain made here is completely true, and of course it is clear that they learned the production methods of Tengu Valley and Hyakken Kiln, and then produced them later.
Tengu-dani ware
The most common types of Tengu-dani ware are large and small bowls and jar-shaped vases, followed by plates, bowls, rice bowls, water jars, oil jars, incense burners and netsuke, and there are even some with a crinkled glaze due to over-firing. The small footrings of dishes such as the Sarai style are a production custom from the Korean pottery period, and the Takeo, Fujitsu, Imari, Hirado, and Omura styles all commonly follow this style. It is likely that they were unaware of techniques such as widening the foot of the vessel and using a needle to support the underside of the base.
When it was first created here, it was like a white base that had been fired, and it seems that it was only after consulting with the Chinese people of Nagasaki and obtaining Gozu through their hands that the design was completed. As for the patterns, there are many that do not match porcelain, and there are even some that have strange designs that are just decorative patterns that are only used on pottery.
Even in later years, at the new kilns in Otaru, there were bowls with brush-stroke patterns on the rims and hexagonal patterns on the bases, and there were even bowls with calendar-pattern decorations in Gozu. In Tengu Valley and Tenjinyama, there were bowls with a Tenmoku glaze on the outside. (There were also examples of this type in Kakidani, Oobori). There are also examples of bowls and plates with a caramel-colored glaze and birds painted on them in Gozu. The representative pattern of the Tengudani old kiln is a design of willow branches painted on round bowls, and it is a simple and elegant style.
Mixed fragments
Among the early works mentioned above, there are also excellent examples of the later period, such as blue and white and celadon ware, in the Tengudani kiln fragments. If we were to describe the fragments from the neighboring Nakashirogawa kiln, which are mixed in with these, they would include small bowls with a scattered pattern of blue and white designs, three-sided bowls with a two-tiered design of the character “ju” (meaning “longevity”), and nine bowls with a simple landscape design, pine and bamboo, paulownia, and round patterns, etc. , three-sided split outer-jyu characters, two-tiered plain-style painting, pine and bamboo, paulownia, round-patterned writing, and simple landscapes, etc., and in particular, the same type of pine and bamboo scattered writing has an unglazed foot ring. And there are many early products that can be seen as early products, and the painting technique is not very mature.
There is a bowl with a thick white footring, decorated with a black buckwheat glaze, and there is a bowl-shaped serving dish decorated with a line of indigo-dyed reeds. There is also a small bowl with a red glaze under the glaze, and a small bowl that resembles old Chinese indigo-dyed ware. In addition, the small bottles, which are shaped like celadon, display an excellent color and also reveal iron feet. In addition, although the original form is not preserved in the grass-colored celadon, there is a bowl-like dish with a height of 8 sun, which is elaborately decorated with a carved arabesque pattern in a pine tree design.
Anti-poaching
Until the days of the han system, there was an office called the “Oyama-kata” in front of this old kiln, which monitored the illegal logging of the forests in the Shirakawa Valley, the Tengu Valley and the Urasan Valley. This was because the quickest way for the poor people living in the pottery-making area to make money was to collect firewood, even if it was just a small amount. The Yamagata Prefectural Office took advantage of the fact that there were still fragments in the Tengu Valley and the neighboring Nakashirakawa kiln, and collected them all together and scattered them throughout the forests of the Tengu Valley, presumably to prevent the intrusion of nighttime loggers. Therefore, as mentioned above, it is thought that the shards from the formative and mature periods were mixed together in this mountain.
Nakashirokawa Kiln
The old kiln site of Nakashirokawa is at the foot of Akiba Mountain, which is next to Tengu Valley. The formative period of this site is unknown, but of course it is thought to be a branch of the Tengu Valley kiln. There are many excellent pieces from the mature period, and some of the pieces, such as the Kezhou ware, are particularly outstanding. These include tea utensils, incense burners, brush stands, sake cups, bowls with celadon glaze, and green Kezhou lacquered plates in the old Sometsuke style, as well as Shouryushiki nine-piece sake cup sets. There are also lacquerware boxes decorated with waves and cranes, and eight-inch plates decorated with landscapes, all of which are authentic pieces, and in particular, the three-legged lacquerware boxes decorated with maple leaves seem to be very late works. The Shimohakusawa kiln, which was used until the Meiji era, is now a villa road for the Imabukawa main family, which is called Hakusawa To.
The birthplace of Japanese porcelain
In short, the birthplace of the first porcelain in Japan is the Shimohakusawa kiln, otherwise known as Tengu Valley. Even in other places, they heard about the production of this white porcelain and greatly envied it, and the lords and village heads not only tried to learn the production method, but also frequently encouraged the creation of this porcelain, so they tried to find this material in order to discover this material, they searched the mountains and fields of their own domains, and finally found a similar stone, which they fired. The result was a soft-paste porcelain that was only successful in terms of color, and not in terms of shape. From this point on, the production of white porcelain began to flourish in various regions, and just as the powerful plant hormones of wild plants overcame the existing weeds, it replaced the production of black goods (pottery).
Of course, at the time, it was impossible to produce porcelain unless you discovered the natural ingredients. If they had had the knowledge of how to make white porcelain from the start, using a mixture of quartz, feldspar and porcelain clay, then surely one of the many Koreans who came to Japan after the Korean War would have tried it. However, if we look at the fact that no one has tried to do this, it seems that the porcelain from Korea was also made by obtaining this single ingredient and firing it, and it was an age when it was completely impossible to make it without encountering this gift from heaven. At that time, the discovery of this natural source of large-scale porcelain was due to the diligent efforts of Sanbei, and it must be said that he was extremely fortunate.
The kilns for porcelain production sprang up.
From this, the people of Itano-gawachi, Otaru, Iwaya-gawachi, and Mt. Kora in the Koryo area all switched from making pottery to making porcelain, and at the same time, the production area expanded to include the areas of Kuromuta, Minamigawara, and Komizo. In addition, from Itano Kawauchi, kilns were divided into Tsutsue, and in Arita, kilns were opened from Tengu Valley to Tenjinyama and Hekoba Kiln, and Iwaya Kawauchi spread from Koraizan to Sarukawa, Yamakoshi, and Chokichi Valley, and Nakatsuru expanded from the Otaru Old Kiln to the Yamagoya Otaru New Kiln and the Maigaya, and the Izumiyama area saw the construction of porcelain kilns such as the Daikousunoki, Kikyu and Otaru Old Kilns.
Furthermore there are the Izumi Kiln, the Izumi Shin Kiln (Toshigaya Kiln), the Nakatsuru Kiln, the Nishitou Kiln, the Higashitou Kiln (Ohtaru Kiln), the Shirakawa Kiln (Shimohirakawa Kiln), the Shirayaki Kiln, the Tani Kiln, the Hekoba Kiln, the Iwayagawauchi Kiln, etc. Taru Kiln), Shirakawa Kiln (Shimo-Shirakawa-no-to), Shiroyaki Kiln, Tani Kiln, Hekoba Kiln, Iwayagawauchi Kiln, etc. In addition to these, there are many old kilns, but originally this area was small, and the development of the industry gradually disappeared as the kiln sites became residential areas and roads . The only kilns that remain in use today are a few in the Nakatsuru area. The following article will describe some of the kilns that remain.
Kibushu Hill
Senzan The old kiln products from Kizuka Hill are generally small dishes with a high rim, and many of them have a wide band around the bottom, with patterns such as a wisteria leaf design or a demon on bamboo or a scarecrow on bamboo. There are also six-inch dishes with a cloud and flower design on the rim, and medium-sized dishes with a twisted chrysanthemum design. patterned six-inch plates, and twisted chrysanthemum-shaped small plates. In addition, the thin blue-glazed small plates have a very crude design.
Under the big ginkgo tree
From this There is a large ginkgo tree (with a circumference of 40 shaku at the base and a height of over 120 shaku, designated a natural monument in October 1926) at the Benten Shrine, which is a little way from here, with its branches and leaves so thick that they almost cover the sky. This must be the ginkgo tree that grew in the mountains of Arita a thousand years ago. While repairing the grounds of the shrine under the large ginkgo tree while repairing the precincts, they discovered the remains of a kiln, and from within they dug up a damaged doll that was about five inches in height. It is said that it was a Korean person with a coiffure.
This kind of small doll , Buddhist statues or monkey-like figures, were often made by the Koreans, and there were also their playthings that showed the female genitalia among the excavated items from Tengu Valley. And now, this old kiln is a very rare thing, but I think that it is because this place is near a stone pit, and they were able to make use of the water from the nearby Togi-gawa River.
The location of the Korean kilns Se
According to the conventional practice, the sites of Korean kilns are usually on high ground or at the foot of a mountain, as they require a valley to dispose of the broken pottery and the burnt kiln furniture when the kiln is unloaded, rather than for the transportation of the pottery or fuel. Even if the valley was buried in things at the time, there was no complaint about clearing it away, and their thoughtless behavior is also revealed here, and it must be said that it is reasonable.
Mountain hut
The remains of the mountain hut The remains of the kilns are now a field, on high ground next to Nakatsuruten Shrine. The old pottery from this area include small plates with a border of bamboo grass patterns and small plates with a border of daisy patterns on the inside of the rim, as well as round small plates with a pattern of flowers on the inside of the rim and small plates with a pattern of bellflowers on the outside of the rim. There are also fragments of Tenryuji blue There are also fragments of Tenryuji celadon with various embossed and hairline carvings, and unglazed celadon tea bowls with a thin glaze on the inside and a thick glaze on the outside, but the patterns on all of these are rather crude.
In particular, the the foot ring is small, and some of the dishes are stacked and fired in the bottom. Also, there are small and large dishes with only the base of the rust-colored glaze glazed, and then a crude chrysanthemum pattern drawn in Wuzhou. there are small bowls and relish bowls that use the later-period product of Gozu, and there are also fragments of small bowls made from cobalt-based materials that are like mirrors with their lustrous glaze.
Maigaya
Maigaya There are octagonal bowls with a six-centimeter diameter and a design of a turtle on the bottom, and octagonal bowls with a design of a sword tip and a design of a landscape on the outside. There are also bowls with a design of a landscape on the inside and a design of a kirin on the outside, and bowls with a design of a three-sided eggplant on the outside. There are also boxes with a design of waves on the outside and a design of a landscape on the inside. , and there are also round bowls with landscapes painted on the inside and outside, etc. All of these products are authentic old Imari ware. The one marked “Maimaya Yamaguchi Zou” was made by Yamaguchi Hajime in the early years of the Meiji era.
Oosho Old Kiln
The Oosho Old Kiln has now become the cemetery of the Imasora-an temple and has been completely destroyed. The old kiln wares include celadon tea bowls and also bowls with a snakelike pattern, and it is said that in later generations, various excellent Imari-style wares were produced. The exact date of its founding is not known , but it is said that the large kiln called Akuya (the home of the Fujii family, in front of the residence of the Morokuma family) has been producing Ippondo ware for generations, and there are many splendid old monuments in the graveyard above Daizō-son. Among them, there is a monument to Morokuma Isakumon, dated June 20th, 1756 (the 6th year of the Hōreki era). June 20th (1756) there are the graves of Morokuma Isakumon and others.
Tenjinyama Kiln
Hieko The Tenjinyama kilns were located on the hill at the top of the Hieko Shrine. The old Tenjinyama ware includes dishes with a six-centimeter rim and seven-centimeter dishes with a tortoiseshell pattern, all of which have crude designs painted on them. There are also tea bowls with a protruding bottom teacups, and there are also 6-inch bowls with a bird design on the rim, and other 7-inch bowls with a dark blue color and a light blue color.
There are also many pieces with a blue and white , and there are shards with arabesque patterns carved into the green glaze, or bowls with a candy-colored glaze or tenmoku glaze made in the style of pottery, which are the same techniques as those used in Tengu Valley. Also, among the iron sand glaze there are also unglazed pieces, and there are green-glazed seven-inch bowls and bowls with an outer ridge-shaped rim.
In addition, cinnabar and underglaze red and underglaze red have also been discovered.
It is not known for certain that the kiln of the Hyakubasen family, who moved to this Hekoba area with over 900 people from Uchida, was located on this Tenjinyama. And there is also a reference in the Kanagae ancient documents that “Sanbei is currently making pottery at the Hekoba kiln”. It is unclear whether he was making pottery at the Kamishirakawa kiln at the same time. It is said that fragments that should prove this have not been found in any kilns from later periods, but when the section of the Hekoba kiln where the original pieces were excavated was examined, many authentic Koimari-dye pieces were found.
Hiekoba Kiln
The old pottery from the Hiekoba Kiln shows several stages of progress over the Tenjinyama Kiln, and among them are representative works of Koimari ware, as well as the colorful cobalt-dyed ware of the early Meiji period. Some of the remaining pieces include a 7-inch plate with a daffodil design in a wreath-shaped cut-out border, a round tea bowl with a phoenix design and a dragon design around the outside, a spring-themed plate with a design of orchids around the outside and a landscape design in the center, a tea bowl with a landscape design on the bottom, and a candlestick with a bamboo design.
There are also bowls with paintings of treasure bags and square plates with seven-treasure-patterned borders, and there is a six-inch sashimi plate with a picture of a dragon palace blown by a shell, with waves drawn in ink and a light wash of sea green in the Wu Zhou style. There are also deep dishes that show interesting brushwork in Chinese landscape paintings and large-brush landscape paintings, and in particular, the fragments of the large piece with double-layered cloud-filled phoenix paintings are exquisite works from the later Kajyu period.
Koryasan Old Kiln
The Koryasan kiln site in Iwayagawa is where the Korean people from the Minamigawara area came to make pottery. The remains of the old pottery from that time include gray glaze, candy glaze, and Tenmoku tea bowls, but many of these were removed during the land development, and the remains of the kiln itself are now buried under the Setsu-take factory. The only remains that can be seen today are the porcelain pieces found at the foot of the mountain.
Among these are half-porcelain jars with finely cracked soft glaze and shoulder and handle, which were fired with Korean-style eye-sand without removing the glaze from the foot ring. Kozan Kizaemon opened a kiln at the site of this Korean kiln, and it is said that this is the birthplace of Nabeshima ware, which was established as the official kiln of the clan. It is also said that it was produced by various people.
There are also round tea bowls with a design of willow trees in the style of Tenkugadani, and small plates with designs of grass in the inner rim, nine-patterned designs in the outer rim, and lions in the rim, as well as five-centimeter plates with a design of a landscape in a dappled pattern and small plates with a design of melons in a green pond. There are also teacups with landscapes or unique pine, bamboo and plum designs, and there are also sake bottles with crude, detailed designs. There are also special items, such as teacups with a standing shape, about 3 cm thick, with a five-sided ridge-shaped cut, and with the Korean mountains and the incense-burning mountain, etc., written in the bold style of the Wuzhou calligraphy.
There are also examples with Tenryuji celadon applied to the inner and outer rims, and with designs of small wells painted on the underside, as well as examples of thick, ridged tea bowls with designs of happiness painted on all sides. The most common type is a thick, white, round tea bowl, and there are examples with a crinkled texture inside the unglazed foot ring, which seems to be an early product. The most highly prized item was a fragment of underglaze red decorated with three stars, which was similar to a design in overglaze enamels.
Yamakoshi Old Kiln
The old kiln products of the Yamakoshi kiln seem to have been made in a later period than the Koryo kiln. There are bowls with a 7-sun diameter with a design of scattered plum blossoms and pine needles on the bottom rim, and small bowls with a design of scattered plum blossoms and pine needles, as well as bowls with a landscape design. There was also a 4-inch brazier with a Korin-style plum design and a blue-painted rim.
There was also a white lid-shaped tea bowl with a large brush-stroke knot design inside, and a 6-inch plate with a crackle pattern on the bottom, which were both of excellent quality.
Sarukawa Kiln
Many of the old Sarukawa ware pieces are even more advanced than the previous two kilns, and include bowls with peony patterns applied in dye, round bowls with coarse net patterns, and bowls with coarse mountain patterns around the rim.
Among these, there was a fantastic 7-inch plate with chrysanthemums on the bottom and a large prawn on the rock, or a middle-sized plate with a basket pattern or an interesting dragon design, as well as a plate with a deer design on a maple leaf of the same type, which was also elegant. The pieces with the particularly outstanding cloudy glaze were, of course, made using the stones from the neighboring valley.
Chokichiya Kiln
The remains of the Chokichiya kiln can be found on the left-hand side of the road, and the old pottery produced here is all authentic Koimari-sometsuke ware. More bowls than dishes or bowls were produced, and the patterns are generally modeled on old Chinese sometsuke ware. Some of them have peony-leaf patterns, Kansui (waterfall) patterns, turtle patterns, and floral patterns, while others have only the Kosometsuke pattern in green, with a single bunch of daffodils painted in the center of the base, and the veins beautifully brushed with ink.
There are also round plates with old-style painted borders and round tea bowls with Dutch-style paintings, and there are also some that look like jars, with the inside glazed, or that are made of maki-e or shippo-ryo, or that are made of karaboi (a type of container with a wickerwork outer layer for protection). There were also pieces that were skillfully decorated with images (the shape of a frame that resembles the eye of a wild boar), such as the fragments of a standing brazier. In general, the works here are very skillfully crafted, with many needles attached to the underside of the dishes and bowls, and they are large, late-period finished products.
The Development of Arita-Sarayama
Continuing from the above, we will now move on to the main line of the Sanbei era. As the Arita porcelain industry developed, people moved to the area from various places, including the Kijima area in the north and the Arita village area in the south, and many people came to open kilns there, either by building roads or by cutting through the mountains and valleys. In addition, the number of workers and merchants engaged in this industry increased, and the area soon became a prosperous industrial center. However, the area that was most influential was the Kanegae area.
The Kanegae Clan
The Kanegae Clan consisted of 30 or 40 people from the Itano, Kawachi and Han groups. From this group, nine people were chosen to represent those who had cooperated with Sanbei in the completion of porcelain, and together with him, ten people were were all considered to be retainers of the Taku clan (retainers who did not perform official duties) from the Shigenori era, and although they were small in number, they were all given rice stipends, and at the same time, they were the first to be granted the Kimigae surname. Of these, the only one who used the Tokunaga surname was undoubtedly a Korean who had come from a land other than Kimigae Island.
It is a great misconception to think that the entire Kanegae family is Sanbei’s family, and there is no reason why a large family of 30 or 40 people would suddenly appear. In fact, it seems that the only people called Kaneko were Kosukezaemon (the second Sanbei) and Seigozaemon, and that the others were all from Kanegasima, the same village as Sanbei.
The Kinugae documents also mention that “all those who originally called themselves Kinugae were called Kinugae, and several of them were selected to work in the pottery kilns. there were no people of the Kanegae bloodline, but they were all treated the same, and so the head of the company selected 10 people from among them to be Kanegae, and they were then entrusted to the lord of the manor, who in turn made them his retainers. According to this, it seems that the Koreans who first researched the completion of porcelain all came to Tengu Valley to help out, and that the green-glazed ware and other people from the same hometown manufactured it in Ita no Kawauchi. In short, it is certain that Sanbei and his colleagues were in charge of the business.
In another passage from the same book, it says, “Sanbei’s children and grandchildren are all prospering, and they have all been summoned to serve the lord. It also says, ”Out of the 30 or 40 people in the group, Sanbei’s closest 10 relatives were chosen to serve the lord.” The first sentence, “The same applies to the first group,” seems to be saying that the people from the same village who worked together in particular are mentioned, and the second sentence, “We are grateful to the Lord of Nagato,” seems to be saying that the Koreans were in charge of the porcelain kilns, and that they were in charge of them from the Taku clan. The second sentence is to be understood as meaning that Sanbei and his descendants will be appointed as officials in the generations to come. The third sentence should be understood as meaning that, out of the many people who worked with Sanbei, those who worked closely with him, in other words, those who cooperated with him, were our ancestors, and that the second and third sentences are the words in the letter from the descendants of the ten people to the Taku clan.
Geumgang Island at the foot of Mt.
Geumgang at the foot of Mt. Geumgang in Gongju-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea, was a pottery island where pottery was made in great quantities at the time. products are compared with those published in the photo-engraving, there is a theory that they are old kiln products from the Hyakken Kiln, in terms of the brush marks and the way the bowls are made. If this is , it is said that the Korean people of Ippanogawauchi are from the same hometown as Sanbei, and so when he left the bridge in a state of confusion and came back to Ippanogawauchi, he stopped there, and it is thought that he was able to experience the affection of his fellow countrymen for the first time in over ten years in a foreign country.
However the nine people who worked with Sanbei were given rice stipends without any distinction between high and low, but it was Sanbei’s great achievement that led to him becoming the ruler of the stone pit. In short In the first place, he studied in Itano-gawachi, and then moved to Kamishirakawa-Tengudani. Based on this reason, although Itano-gawachi is a fief of the Takeo clan, it is said that he was allowed to quarry stone in the same way as directly controlled territory of the clan, and he also seems to have obtained special privileges for a certain amount of time in the kiln site of Tsutsukeyama.
Kanagae Kane-ga-e
The period of the closure of the Itano-gawa kilns is not known, but there are many people in Arita who use the Kane-ga-e surname, as if they had moved to the Arita Sarayama or Minamigawara areas, and there are also many people in the Minamigawara area. However the Iwao and Taniguchi surnames are also said to be of Korean descent, and there is a legend that there are also relatives of the Kumakura surname, but it is not clear which lineage they are from.
Momota family name
The Hyakuta family name is said to be a Korean family from the Fukami area, but according to the past records of Enraku-ji temple, which is located in the town of Arita, there was a Hyakuta family among the temple’s parishioners from a long time ago. If if it is a deep-sea type, it must be a disciple of Rinzai, either at Keiun-ji in Takeo or Entsu-ji in Imari, due to the relationship with Koukoku-ji in Takeo. the Hyakuta family were a branch of the former Takeuchi Korean people, and it is thought that they were followers of the Jōdo Shinshū sect and were followers of Enraku-ji temple, and that they were potters who moved to Arita.
Arita The topography of Arita-sara-yama
The topography of Arita-sara-yama is a valley surrounded by mountains of new volcanic origin, with the towering peaks of Mt. Ega in the east, the peaks of Mt. Shidou and Mt. Akiba in the north, and the peaks of Mt. Shirakawa in the south. the Grand Shrine and Busan, and to the west, Mt. Zōzu and Mt. Gion stretch out, with Mt. Konpira opposite. Even though the path through this deep forest and along the mountain stream was a tortuous one, a new path was built after the discovery of the large magnetite ore deposit at Tomiyama.
The Arita path
If we consider what the old path at the time was like, it crossed the Kushima County Road at the Sakai-matsu Pass, then went through the hidden path, crossed the valley road next to the current Industrial Experiment Station, and went out to Otaru. It then went through Nakazato and Yahatajima, and went along in front of the Yahata Shrine, climbed the mountain path behind Keiun-ji Temple, descending the Yagen River behind Mt. Konpira and emerging at the Sarukawa River, where it joins the old road from Otani, and then climbing the newly-opened mountain path from the side of the current Santoku factory, emerging at the Kuwakoba area near the Shoshi family graveyard, and then crossing the weir stones on the Arita River from the current Hondo Hospital crossing the stones by the Minamigawa bridge, and then passing through the old road of Sotobaru from the side of the Maruyama factory, they reached Minamigawara, and then crossed the Nagasaki highway at Haraaki.
After that they abandoned the mountain path behind Katsuraun-ji Temple and took the path behind Hogen-ji Temple, following the lower part of Kinpira, crossing the saddle of Nakanohara, and then crossing the upper part of the moving stone, and so they were able to make a mountain path to Iwayagawauchi. In those days there were rarely any bridges, and the ones that did exist were usually temporary bridges that would be washed away with the water every time there was a flood. The Iwaya The Iwaya River’s “Spectacle Bridge” was built in 1855, in response to the great fire and flood of 1818, and was constructed using stones from the Otani and Sarukawa areas, under the supervision of Shoshi Sekkei. (The bridge was demolished during the reconstruction of the town roads this time, and only its name remains. (The road was demolished during the reconstruction of the town roads this time, and only the name remains.)
Arita Village Road
As the pottery industry developed, the number of houses gradually increased, and although paths were repeatedly opened up, the stones that moved were piled up on the riverbank, one after another, from the side of Mt. and it is not possible to pass along the road, so one must cross the stepping stones under the Kiyomi Bridge, and from Hieko-ba one reaches the Shirakawa River, and from here one passes under the Jatozan Mountain and sees a dirt bridge by the Sanku-an Temple in Otaru. the place that used to be between the river and the ditch, and the ditch in front of the Products Exhibition Hall from the current warehouse side is like the old riverbed, but the small stream at the foot of the mountain has now been rebuilt as the main river.
Moving Ishii and Akahinomachi
The lower part of Shimokouhei was blocked by a movable stone, so it was fortunate that it was not possible to pass through, and it was like the eleven secret red-dye shops that were crowded into Fukuromachi. After that, part of the movable stone was gradually removed, and although it was narrow, it was connected to Nakanohara to Nakanohara, and in the Kan’ei era (1624-1645) the lower part of Shimokouhei was split off and called Akahenmachi, and while Shimokouhei was simply called Kouhei, it was later renamed Honkouhei.
However the number of Akahata traders was limited to nine in Akahata-cho and two in Kohei, but in 1770, five more were allowed to open in Otaru, one in Shirakawa, one in Hekoba, and one in Nakanohara, for a total of five more, bringing the total to sixteen. Furthermore, the road was rebuilt in the Meiji era after the Meiji Restoration, and each time a huge boulder was blasted, and now there is not even a trace left.
Now Arita-machi had an area of 763 cho (approximately 2.6 km²), with 1,300 households and a population of 6,500. However, it is not known to what extent the Arita region was under the control of any one person, so we will now take a look at the historical background of the area.
Tameyoshi and the name of Arita
The origins of Arita-go are unknown, but when Minamoto no Tameyoshi, the eighth son of Rokujo Hangan Minamoto no Tameyoshi, came to this area in 1240, the name Arita was already in use.
Hirase no Tachi
It is said that Tameyoshi, who was touring the area in 1155, praised the strategic location and scenic beauty of Mt. Karafune, and built a residence here called Hirase no Tachi, moving from Kawafuru no Tachi (now called Gosho in Wakaki Village, Kushima County). there is a place called Hachirose at the crossing of the Yamashita-no-futase River, and there is also the tomb of Hachiro Tameie, the son of Hachiro, on a small hill by Myōzenji Temple at the crossroads of the Imari Lake and the Koike Lake.
Arita Sakae
After that, when Matsuura Hyoue no Kami Minamoto Naoshi established his main residence in Mikuriya from Imafuku and took possession of this region, he had his third son, Shiro Sakae, come to the Arita area and take possession of the Arita village, and the family name came to be called Arita.
Chinese ship castle construction
In this way, in 1219, the Karasu Castle was built on the strategic location of Karasu Mountain. At that time, it is said that the area under their control stretched from this area to the present-day Sumiyoshi Village and Nakadori Village in the Kushima District.
Arita As shown in the family tree on the left, the descendants of the sixth generation became lost, and the family was ruled jointly by the Matsuura family, the head family, and the Shimabara Arima family, who succeeded the family in order to keep an eye on the Hirado Matsuura family. (See the Arita family tree.)
Karafune mountain
In the old days, the lower reaches of the Arita River were very deep, and the area that is now the city of Imari was a marshy area, while the majority of the area that is now the village of Futamimura was gradually reclaimed over time. Therefore at the time, the area was rich in maritime transport, and like the trading port of the Matsuura clan, there were even ships from Tang that came to this area, and it is said that this is where the ships from Tang . The fact that the area around here is deeply indented can be imagined from the fact that even the name of the river, which is called Tachibegawa, has been passed down to this day.
Arita Kyu
As the lord of the Karafune castle, Arita Shiro Sakae ruled over the Arita region, and by the fourth generation, Tango Rokuro Kyu, he was joined by his relatives from the Matsuura clan, including Yamashiro Yasaburo Kai, Imari Genjiro Tsunenori, Hata Taro Isamu, Minegoro Yu , Tsuruta Goronari, Ishijiro Kanenori, Shisajiro Tsugu, etc., they successfully defended against the foreign invasions of the years Bun’ei and Koan, and in the second year of Kenji (1276) they built Enman-ji Temple on Mt. Karafune.
Arita Mochi
V The fifth generation, Izumo no Kami Mochi, greatly increased the family’s power and influence, and he came to rule the castle of Ogi, but he died in Saga in later years, and by the sixth generation, Satsuma no Kami Sanetomo, the family line became unknown.
The head of the family, Matsuura also held the title of
Lord of Karafune Castle, and ruled over the Arita region. During the reign of the 10th lord, Matsuura Mori, the family moved to Ainoura (now Aino) and built Tachian Castle, ruling over Arita and the surrounding area.
The power of Matsuura Masamichi power
At this time, Matsura Masanori, the lord of the Tabira Castle, who had previously joined the allied forces of the Arima clan and taken the Tabira Castle, was secretly plotting to conquer Aogamiura, but at that time, the government was firmly in control of the Imafuku domain and the Kurose and Arita domains, and it was highly doubtful that they would be able to take the castle of the Tachian-an lord of the Ono village by direct attack.
Therefore, he decided that the only way to defeat him was to launch a surprise attack, and on December 23rd, 1498, Koshin led an army of 300 men, including Minami-nyudo Munenori, Nishijima Genban, and Soma Kato, etc., secretly advanced by sea with 300 cavalry, and, aiming for the night-time (midnight), crept up to the castle unnoticed, and attacked the Tachian Castle.
Tachian Castle fell.
When the castle was in disarray and trying to recover and defend itself, Yamada Shirozaemon and his younger brother Bun’emon set fire to the castle from a side road, and the castle was reduced to ashes in an instant, and Masamune also died in battle on the way, at the age of 21. Masamune’s wife and their only child, Koumatsumaru, were taken prisoner to Hirado.
Koumatsumaru
At this At this time, his retainer Izeki Heibun-no-jo earnestly worked to find him and offered the suggestion that he should put an end to his worries about the future by losing his son Koumatsumaru. However, having seen Koumatsumaru once, Koushin, who was a member of the Matsuura clan, was particularly attached to the widow of the lord, as she was the daughter of the second governor of Hizen, Masashige, and he was afraid of future problems, so he did not lay his hands on her, but instead treated her and her son with great kindness at his villa in Kawauchi Village.
The widow was shocked to hear of the murder of Koumatsumaru, and, against her will, secretly sent a trusted maid to convey her intentions to Karafune Castle. The castle was the scene of secret discussions between Shoyama, Ikeda, Yamada and other leading retainers, who came up with a plan to deal with the situation. On the 15th of the 11th month of the 8th year of the Meiou era (1499), the widow obtained the permission of Koshin in order to pray for the good fortune of Koumatsumaru, and so she went to the annual festival at the Ima-fuku shrine, which was the ancestral home of the Matsuura family.
The annual festival action play
disguised as a mountain priest, and the four retainers of the Karafune Castle, Kawakubo, Ikeda, Omagari and Ura, who protect the mother and child, are waiting for the right moment to attack. attempted to kill them with a single stroke, but they were able to recognize this and, together with Kawakubo, Ikeda and others, they immediately cut down Hyobu and took the mother and child back to Karafune Castle.
The Arima clan’s dual rule
From this point on, in order to keep an eye on Hirado, they formed an alliance with Arima Ujizane (later known as Shunshin-nyudo Sen’i) of Shimabara, who was a powerful supporter, and Ujizane became the 13th lord of Karasuma Castle and ruled over the Arita region, and then had his fourth son Jiro become the 14th lord of Karafune Castle, and he changed his name to Matsuura Tango no Kami Mori.
In the 9th year of the Eishou era (1512) 1512), when Koshomaru reached the age of 15, he was given his coming-of-age ceremony, and the chief retainer Ikeda Musashimori came from Karafune Castle to Aikamiura. As Tachian Castle had previously been destroyed by fire, a new Iimori Castle was built and made it his new residence, and the Koumatsumaru was renamed Matsura Tango no Kami Yasumori (or Yasumori no Kami), but later he took the name Sōzen and retired to seclusion. This history will be omitted, as it is described in the Hirado edition.
The Attack on Ryūzō-ji
In June of the fourth year of the Tensho era (1576), when Ryuzoji Takanobu attacked Shimomatsuura, the lord of Kitakata Castle in Imari, Imari Heibusuke Osamu (the father of Nabeshima Yoshitaro), was defeated in battle and surrendered the castle. Later, the lord of Iimoriyama Castle in Yamashiro Moriyama Castle Lord Yamashiro Yasashiro Sadamu (the ancestor of Nabeshima Sendaifu) was captured after a fierce battle, and the next target was Arita Karafune Castle.
Karafune Castle Peace Talks
Karafune Matsura Mori, the lord of Karasu Castle, held a council with his chief retainers, including Yoshino of the Oki clan, Takatoshi of the Yamada clan, and Shoyama of the Magarigawa clan, as well as other retainers from the Kawakubo, Matsunami, Hirano, Ide, and Kitagawa clans, and decided to ask Takayoshi for peace. It is said that Mori’s eldest daughter was married to the third son of Ryuzoji Nobushige, the lord of Suko Castle and younger brother of Takayoshi, and as there was a close relationship of kinship between the two families, Takayoshi immediately accepted the request for peace.
Arita Shigenari succeeds
Arita Hachiemon-no-jo Shigenari, the fourth son of Ryuzoji Nobushu, was an apprentice at Shiei-Hizan-Horin-in (Saga Onimaru) and was known as Goei, but he became a layman and was called Matsuura Denzo. , and although he followed the army on its campaign, Mori died in the Korean campaign in 1594, and his eldest brother Hikoemon no Kami Ietoshi died in battle on the campaign to retake Korea. brother Nobuaki returned to the Suko family, and as if to make Masanari the successor to the Arita-Matsuura clan once again, he should be seen as having returned to the Arita clan as its successor from the Ryuzoji Taro Jiro period.
Looking back, although Mori had two sons , although he had two sons, the Karafune Castle was inherited by the Ryuzoji family. It is said that the eldest son of Mori inherited the Ando-ji village in Shimabara, and the second son relied on his mother’s family, the Omura clan. The circumstances of the losers in the Warring States period are truly pitiful.
Shigenari was the lord of Karafune Castle was the lord of the Arita domain, with a stipend of 3,300 koku, but in later years he was transferred to the Kanzaki domain and given a stipend of 1,000 koku, and he himself took up residence in the Hachiman-koji area of the Saga castle town. His son, Takanori, Takayoshi married the adopted daughter of Takanori (who was actually the daughter of Goto Toshitomi and the same mother as Takanori Takano), but he was not content with his stipend and lived a life of ease, and his rise to power was due to his defense of the Buddhist faith against the spread of Christianity.
His faith in Omura Sumitada and Nagasaki Sumikage’s faith in the rite of purification led to a further increase in the spread of Christianity in this region, and eventually many temples were destroyed and replaced with churches. This Shinto and Buddhist , who was outraged by the spread of Shintoism and Buddhism, went to Nagasaki in the Genwa era (1615-1624) to try to restore Suwa Shrine, and became the shrine’s chief priest (he died in 1656 at the age of 77, and was posthumously awarded the rank of Senior Fifth Rank).
The founder of Shokakuji Temple Founder
Arita Takanori, who also had a similar sense of indignation, entered the Buddhist priesthood and changed his name to Dochi. In 1604, he founded Shōkakuji (of the Shinshū Bukkōji sect) on Kōjūzan in Nagasaki’s Kojima district, and worked hard to spread his teachings. The Arita family was reduced to 500 koku, and then further reduced to 200 koku.
Ishiba guardhouse built
As the pottery industry developed, the area around Mt. Arita expanded, and houses began to line the mountain stream (the only exception being the many medicine houses, which looked like a Korean village ) The Quanzhou Stone Quarry had not yet been equipped with mining methods, etc., and as the number of miners increased, some of them even began to transport the stone to other mountains. From this point on a watchtower was built, and five guardhouses were set up, and a new guardhouse was built, and a clan official was dispatched, and it became possible to prohibit not only the removal of stones to other places, but also the indiscriminate digging of stones.
Especially after the Arita clan was transferred to the Kanzaki area was transferred to the Nabeshima clan, Arita became a directly administered area of the Nabeshima clan, and a government office was built in the village of Oki (now Oyama Village) in the castle town of Karafune to oversee agriculture and forestry. The first generation is unknown, but , but it is known that Mitsuno Kyuzaemon, Kagiyama Kuta, and others were already working here as the Arita Sarayama officials.
Yamamoto Jinemon Yokome Inspector
In January of the 12th year of Kan’ei (1635), the domain’s Yamamoto Kamuemon (the son of Nakano Kamijikomon Kiyoaki, whose posthumous name was Shigesumi, and the father of the author of the Saga Rongo-ha, Kamuemon Tsunetomo. See the Nakano family tree ) was appointed to the position of Yokome Inspector and Maki Magistrate (Maki Island, Okawachi and Hirose) of Shimomatsuura.
Forest Tax
He advised that the forests in the region were being over-logged due to the increase in the number of potters, and from this time the clan began to impose new taxes on the forestry industry. However, the increase in the number of potters also led to a situation where there was a great deal of poor-quality, mass-produced pottery.
The Great Purge of Potters purge
On March 20th, 1637, the councilor of state, Hisamatsu Toshimasa, carried out a major purge of potters in the area, forcing 826 men and women out of the industry. This is recorded in a document from the Imperial Household Department.
Kak
ichi Kotojin ( (presumably a Korean who came to Japan long ago)
If the heir to the same family has lived there for several years and then leaves, the previous owner may sell the pottery
If a Korean comes from another country and does not have a house there, they may be given the pottery
If a person who is supporting someone else townspeople, travelers, etc. are not allowed to burn anything, but those who have settled there and are living there are allowed to burn things as they please.
March 20th, 1637
Takumi Mimasaka
If there are any particular circumstances from Mimasaka, and the remaining 826 men and 294 women were sent to the Yamamoto family. At this time, the person in charge was Yamamoto Jinkomon. The list is kept in the Yamamoto family.
As shown above, those engaged in the pottery , and those who were selected from the seven places in Arita and the four places in Imari, but those who had a previous relationship with the Korean people or who had lived in Arita for generations , those with deep connections were allowed to continue by applying for permission and receiving a letter of approval from the Taku clan, but in the end the number of pottery houses was restricted to 155 pottery wheels and 155 pottery houses.
The thirteen pottery mountains were gathered
together in 1637, and although the kilns (pottery houses) that were scattered around the area and operating were gathered together in one place for the sake of control and other convenience, according to the account book for small item calculations from 1653, the upper Shirakawa mountain (i.e. Tengu valley), middle Shirakawa , Shimo-Shirakawa-yama, Toshiki-yama, Nakataru-yama, Kotaru-yama, Ootaru-yama, Reikoba-yama, Iwayagawachi-yama (all of which are Arita-saramayama), Sotoo-yama, Kuromuta-yama, Minamigawara-yama, Itano-gawachi-yama, and the thirteen mountains.
At this time, the mountains refers to the mountains where the kilns were built to produce pottery, and Shirakawa was the most prosperous area, with three mountains, as it was the birthplace of Sanbei. Also, the term “kuragi” refers to the practice of avoiding cutting down trees in early spring, and leaving them until the end of the year. It is a term that is used throughout the country, and this year, the mountain was renamed Izumiyama.
Takauji Yasunobu passed away
On October 26th, 1641, Takauji Yasunobu passed away at the age of 79. He retired from his position as a government official in January of the 12th year of the same era in January of the same year, he retired from his position as a government official, and was succeeded by his adopted son, his great-nephew, Shigetatsu.
The amount of money collected from the Arita-Sarayama gold mine as a tax never exceeded 200 mon in silver, even during the time of the daimyo’s representatives, such as Mitsuno Kuzakomon and Kuzan Kudaibu. After that, the daimyo’s representatives based on the opinions of Okahiko Ukon (Shigenori), some of the businesses were selected and licenses were issued, and when several Koreans were added, there were 155 people, and although there was a slight increase in business, it was not far from the previous amount.
Osaka merchant’s specialty commission
Two Osaka merchants, Yoshiichimon and Erazimon, who were assistants to the salt merchant Sogoro, came to Imari on this occasion to purchase Arita ware. Yamamoto Jinko-mon gave the task to the local pottery merchant Higashijima Toku-kou-mon, who persuaded the two men and asked them to sell Arita ware exclusively, on the grounds that it would increase their profits. The clan also heard of this and, with the approval of the clan lord Katsushige, the clan’s chief retainer, Ishii Ukemon, was sent to the clan lord to request permission.
The flight of the Osaka merchants
Thus, in the 19th year of Kan’ei (1642) and the 20th year of Kan’ei, the two aforementioned Osaka merchants and Higashijima Tokuemon were ordered to undertake the mountain contract, and the amount of the annual tribute was set at 211,200 koku of silver. However, the two merchants from Osaka were unable to make the purchases as they had hoped, and suffered heavy losses. They ended up selling off their swords and clothes, but then fled to Osaka without paying the tax.
Kamiukemon was so surprised that he immediately sent Imanari to order Iwanaga Denukemon to pursue the two men and apprehend them in the village below, where they were seized with the pottery in transit and entrusted to the care of the innkeeper, after which they were sent back to Osaka. When the clan heard about this, they sent Den’uemon back into the darkness below, and dealt with the pottery that had been detained in an appropriate manner, collecting the unpaid portion of the delivery.
As mentioned above, the fact that the kilns in Arita-saranoyama were only being used by certain people to produce pottery was having the effect of cutting into the profits of the entire mountain, which was a special production area, and even though the amount of silver paid in was increased, the request to reinstate the previous system of the mountain’s owner acting as a go-between was granted. Accordingly, the clan decided to impose an annual tax of 35 kan of silver, and granted permission for a three-year mountain contract.
Nakano Kazuma’s opinion on increasing the tax
In September of the fourth year of Shoho (1648), Nakano Kazuma Masatoshi (the adopted son of Nakano Kazumon Kiyokiyo and the son of Nakano Takumi Shigetoshi), the regent of the domain, returned from his service in Edo and, upon his return to the domain, he explained that the damage caused by the nearby forests and mountains being left in a state of disrepair due to the 35 kan of silver that was being taken from the Arita-Sarayama area was . He also stated that, in comparison with the extremely lucrative income of the pottery kilns, it was only natural to impose an even higher tax, and that if they objected to this order, it would be inevitable to evict them from the area in order to protect the forests.
Accordingly, Ishii Hyogo came to Sarayama to resolve the problem, including the order, and gathered the main potters of the domain kilns, including Kinzaka Kizakomon, and others, and discussed whether the amount of taxes should be increased or whether the potters should be evicted from Sarayama . It was decided that, in order to avoid unemployment, the amount of the traditional 35 kans of tax should be increased by a certain amount, and that a request for exemption from the order to leave the area should be made.
The kiln-burning negotiations were unsuccessful.
However, the kiln-burning members declared that it would be impossible to increase the amount even further, and all of them refused to accept the request. As such, if all of them were to go out of business, the difficulties of dealing with the situation would be significant, so Ishii Ukomon, Doi Kizakomon, and Yamamoto Jinkomon were summoned to the general manager’s office of the Arita Sarayama Pottery and to work out a suitable solution, they were ordered to travel again, and the two of them visited Kamiukemon at the Oki government office through the night. From then on, the three of them came to Sarayama and tried to persuade them in various ways, but the result was that they were unable to reach an agreement.
Kamiemon’s calculations
When Kamiemon thought about it, he realized that if these people were to be evicted, the trouble would not only affect the evicted people themselves, but there was also the worry that the incomparable domestic industry of our clan would be lost and its technology would be fostered in other countries. It was clear that an increase in production was not impossible, so he made a rough estimate of the total production of the Sarayama kilns at 689,900 koku of silver per year, and once again invited all of them to a meeting where the three of them explained to them, and about half of the 155 potters finally agreed to do so, but they made it a condition that if they went bankrupt, they would have to pay 100,000 yen.
The remaining half of the potters were unable to pay the tax, and so they were ordered to leave the area, but they were unable to do so and submitted a joint letter of resignation. As the right-hand and left-hand officials had experience working as tax collectors in the past, they understood the situation regarding tax payments and, although it was impossible to do so under the existing circumstances, they went to Saka together with the other two officials and reported this to Ishii Hyogo.
Hyogo also felt uneasy about the excessive amount of money involved, but on October 25th of the same year, he reported back to Kazuma, who then went to Edo with a letter of protest signed by 75 people, and after consulting with the feudal lord Katsushige, he appointed Yamamoto Jinko as the Arita Sarayama magistrate on December 15th, and ordered the three men, Mukai Izumo Kanmon, Nakano Kazuma and Nakano Hyoue, to immediately take up their new posts. on the 15th of the 12th month, Yamamoto Jinemon was appointed as the Arita Sarayama magistrate, and he was ordered to immediately take up his post and work with the three men, Mukai Izumo Kanemoto, Nakano Kazuma, and Nakano Hyoue, to realize the opinions of the development of this industry and the collection of taxes.
Kan’emon as the Governor of the Sarayama Mine
On the 8th of January in the first year of the Keian era (1648), Yamamoto Jinko-mon Shigetsumi was appointed as the Governor of the Arita Sarayama Mine. From this point on, he worked hard to develop the industry, and at the same time devoted himself to achieving his own personal goals. At the end of the year, in December of the first year of the Keian era, he collected 77.688 kans of silver and paid it to the clan. In addition to this, he also collected a large amount of silver in Imari and Arita, and also paid in over 877 koku of rice. He must have considered that if he could find the right way to do it, the amount of income from the Sarayama kilns could be increased in this way.
Number of Kilns and Car Tax
From this point on, the number of kilns was fixed at 155, and a tax on wheeled vehicles was imposed on each household, with the amount of the tax being based on the number of kilns in the household. (It is said that from some time in the past, a very small amount of oil tax was paid to the Taku clan. This was probably something like a modern-day additional tax.)
The Arita-Sarayama magistrate’s jurisdiction
The magistrate was responsible for the rise and fall of the local industry, and had the power of judicial administration within his jurisdiction. And from the Arita-Sarayama magistrate’s side office (Oki no yado), a branch office (shin-kan) was set up in Imari. According to the records of the internal office, on June 21st, 1690, the second lord of the domain, Mitsushige, gave orders to the local officials to extend the domain of the Arita magistrate to Yokobeta, in addition to the area around Imari. It is likely that Yokobeta refers to the area from the northern part of the present-day Kushima County to Oda, Yamaguchi and Sarushi, and that there were officials in charge of each of these areas.
The Office of the Mountain Guardian
The office of the Arita magistrate at the time was located on the riverbank in front of the Shirakawa funeral hall (a plot of land measuring two tan in area), and was an important location for monitoring the forests and mountains in the Shirakawa Valley. This is why it was called the Office of the Mountain Guardian. Then, in December of the first year of the Kyōwa era (1801), during the reign of the eighth lord of the Hachijo clan, Shige, a government office was built in Arita, on the site of the current town hall, which was then the grounds of the old elementary school. It seems that the previous government office for the Sarayama area was a large wooden building.
In the second year of the Shouou era (1653), there were 120 pottery kilns, and from this time on, the pottery industry became more and more established, and the Korean people in this area also became more and more integrated, with many of them marrying Japanese people.
Lee Sam-pei dies
In the second month of the 2nd year of the Shouou era (1653), Lee Sam, the first Kanegae Sanbei, died at his residence in Kamishirakawa at the age of 75. After the discovery of the Ishiba mine in the 2nd year of the Genna era, he had been engaged in the production of porcelain for 38 years, and had been making pottery at the Taku kiln for 55 or 60 years in total. His grave is in the Houonji graveyard in Hiekojo, and is as follows (see the Kanagae family tree).
A letter of understanding to the Kanagae family
On August 30th, 1656, Takumi Mimasaka no Kami Shigenobu and Nagato no Kami Shigenori sent the following letter to the Kanagae family.
Since I have been coming and going for several years since Ichimibe, I have ordered the following 10 people of the clan to receive a small stipend. If there is a time when a natural person needs to use it, please inform me.
Please do not disobey the laws and rules of the mountain, and please do not do anything that would cause a problem for the government.
As we are government officials, we will not tolerate any misconduct by the other people, and we will not get involved in any fights. We will not form groups with other people, and we will not do anything that is against the law.
We will do our best to follow the rules and regulations.
August 31st, 1656
Choumonokami seal
Mimasakamon seal
Kinkagae Kousuke Sakoumon
Same as above Tsuzae mon
Same as above Sakoumon
Same as above Fuji
Same as above Jousakoumon
Same as above Jueimon
Same as above Seigozaemon
Same as above Jubei
Same as above Hachizaemon
Tokunaga Yasuemon
Kinkagae Family Tree
Kinkagae Sanbei, 1st generation, Han Jin Ri Sam-pei, died in August of the 2nd year of the Shouou era, at the age of 75
Sanbei, 2nd generation, Hajiyosukezaemon, died on the 26th day of the 1st month of the Houreki era
Sota, 3rd generation, died in February of the 9th year of the Kyouhou era
Sanbei, 4th generation, died in October of the 1st year of the Meiwa era
Sanbei, 5th generation, Shiso-dayu, died on December 19th, 1771
Kushiro
Soto-dayu, 6th generation, died in October 1806
Sanbei, 7th generation, died on July 19th, 1835
Soto-dayu, 8th generation, died on April 21st, 1860
Sanbei, 9th generation, died on December 21st, 1856
Gisaburo, 10th generation, Kashima Okushi, died on May 21st, 1884
Sotayu, died on September 27th, 1875
Yonesuke, 11th generation, Kuwakoba Baba, died on October 2nd, 1909, aged 44
Gihei, 12th generation, born on November 23rd, 1886
Man, born on March 1915
