Taku-kei Arita Ware 2

Ishiba Quarrying Control
The magnetite mining at the Izumiyama Quarry was first opened under the auspices of Sanbei, who was the only person allowed to mine the magnetite without paying taxes. Everyone else was required to pay a small amount of money as a “blessing”. Sanbei then transferred this right of control to his second son Seigozaemon, who was to be solely engaged in pottery making, but after Seigozaemon’s death, the Ishiba guardhouse came to be controlled by the local government, and from that time on, four foot soldiers were placed under the supervision of a superior officer. It seems that it was impossible to supervise without being an official.
Although the supervisor was subordinate to the Ishiba guardhouse, the digging and mining was still only allowed to the descendants of Seigozaemon, due to the previous favor. In later generations, the number of pits increased, and there were the Hakudo pit, the Sakakime pit, the Tsuji pit, and the Kamiyaku pit, etc. However, in later years, a legal dispute arose over the right to mine within the family of Kiyozaemon, and from this time on the authority of the Kanae family declined greatly.
When only one family controlled the mines, there was a tendency to think of them as private property, and in later generations, a manager was appointed to oversee the mines, with each mine being divided up between five or six people. As a result, the descendants of Kiyogozemon came to control only the Sekime-doko (second-class earth) mines.

The letter from the lord of the mountain
The following letter was sent from the lord of the mountain, Umenori (alias Shigenori, alias Baizan), to Katsujyu (Yataro’s father and Tsunashiro’s grandfather) regarding the management of the cut-and-dried land in later generations.

The place where the soil was brought from the Hakudoana Mi-mae area is now under the control of the Yama-ryo clan. For this reason, the amount of silver to be delivered each month is 3.5 mon, and this amount is to be paid every year.
December of the 11th year of Bunka (1814)

At the time of the Meiji Restoration, there were six people in charge of the kilns: Iwanaga Genkuemon, Notomi Sanpei, Kishikawa Tsunosaburo, Koga Rikijiro, Kanegae Kinjiro, and Koga Zaizo, who was in charge of the Kamigama kiln. (Perhaps Kanegae Kinjiro, the manager of the Sekime earthenware pit, was a descendant of Kiyokazu Kogemon?)
The Distinction between Uchiyama and Sotomiyama from Arita Regardless of whether or not they used the raw materials from Izumiyama, the various pottery mountains in Hizen were broadly divided into two groups, Uchiyama and Sotoyama, when it came to the production of porcelain. The Arita-sara-yama area was called Uchiyama, and the Oo-gamiyama, Kuromuta-yama, Oho-yama, Hirose-yama, Minamigawara-yama areas of the Arita district, as well as the Okawachi-yama area of the Imari district, the Ichinose and Tsutsue-yama areas of the Kushima district, were called Sotoyama.
In addition, the mountains of Yumino, Odashi, Uchino, Yoshida, Shida Higashi, Shida Nishiyama, Mikawachi, Enaga, Kihara, Hieki, Nakao, Minomata, and Nagao in the Higashi-sonogi district were collectively referred to as the “large outer mountains”.

Izumiyama raw material usage by region
The mountains outside of Arita and Imari were under the direct control of the Nabeshima clan, and although there was a distinction between the upper and lower areas of the ore that was mined there, all of it was permitted to be used for the production of Izumi-yama porcelain. In particular, the Tsuji family of Arita and the Okawachi craftsmen, who were under the direct control of the shogunate, were permitted to use the best quality materials.
In addition, the Seiyama mine was limited to sweeping up only the small fragments left over from the digging at each pit, but it is said that this was blended together in various ways and produced good results. The Hirose mine was only allowed to use low-grade stones, and these were mixed with the soft stones from the local area. Ouhozan was only allowed to use the lowest quality stones, which were used to make small bottles and other low-grade items.
Yumino and Odashi were not allowed to search for the original stones of Izumiyama because they were under the control of Nabeshima (the former Goto clan of Takeo), but they were allowed to mine 1,000 bales of second-class stones (85,000 kgs) every year from Tsukueyama, which was under the control of the Itano-gawauchi Koreans.
Shida Higashiyama was a territory of the main clan, but after its revival it became a territory of a branch clan. The same was true of Nishiyama, which was a territory of the branch clan of the Hasuike Nabeshima family, so they were not allowed to explore either of these areas. Uchinoyama was a territory of the main clan, but at the time only pottery was produced there, and the need for porcelain was not recognized. As Yoshida-yama was divided between the domains of So and Hasuike, only those belonging to the domain of So were allowed to extract 500 bales of stone, or 42,500,000 koku, every year from the 12th year of the Horeki era (1762).
In addition, Mikawachi-yama, Enaga-yama, and Kihara-yama in Higashi-sonogi-gun were the territory of the Hirado domain, and Hegibayama, Nakao, Minomata, and Nagaoyama were under the control of the Omura clan, and of course they did not allow quarrying, but in later years, due to the discovery of the use of Amakusa stone, they all succeeded in producing white porcelain, and now they have even surpassed Izumiyama stone. Perhaps this was because it was easy to make.

Kutani ware
Kutani ware was perfected in the Enuma district of Kaga Province in 1661. Prior to this, in the beginning of the Kan’ei era, Maeda Toshitsune (the son of Maeda Toshiie), the lord of the Kaga domain, invited potters from the Seto area of Etchu and had them create Suisaka-yaki, but in the 16th year of the same era, his third son, Hida-no-kami Toshiharu (died on April 21st, 1659, at the age of 43, posthumously awarded the title of Junior Third Rank) was given the domain of Oji, and from that point on, in the first year of the Manji era, the domain’s samurai Tamura Kenzo and Goto Saijiro searched for materials in the Dainihata mountains. died at the age of 43, posthumously awarded the title of Junior Third Rank) was sealed in the Daishoji area, in the first year of Manji, the samurai Tamura Kenzo and Goto Saijiro searched for materials from the Dainichikata mountain and tried firing them, but they were all unsuccessful and it was rare to make a vessel.

Goto Saijiro
The second lord of the Ooshoji domain, Hida no Kami Toshiaki (died May 1692 at the age of 56, posthumously awarded the fourth highest rank of Shoshi), also carried on his predecessor’s work, and finally sent Saijiro to Hizen to secretly investigate the production methods for white porcelain and the coloring methods for red designs.
He infiltrated the Nabeshima clan’s security line and disguised himself as a hired hand of a certain Tomimura, a pottery merchant in Arita’s Akamachi district.
(Morisaburo’s father, Koukoumon, died on February 18th, 1835, and his father, Jukoumon, died on September 5th, 1789, and his father, Shichizakoumon, died on May 18th, 1772. Therefore, he must have been Shichizakoumon’s grandfather.
Saiziro worked diligently day and night, and gained the trust of his employer to such an extent that, after four years, he had mastered the art of porcelain making, but the art of coloring porcelain with red was not yet common in Arita, so he went to Minamigawara to seek an instructor, and after observing the kilns of Kakiemon, he finally managed to learn the essentials of the art. It is said that he purchased the pigments he needed from a Chinese person in Nagasaki and then fled to the old garden.

Hisamori Kage
From this point on, Kutani ware completely changed its appearance and production methods, and in the Enpou era (1673-1681), the great Kyoto Kano school painter Hisamori Kage was invited to come and devise the underglaze designs, greatly bringing out the characteristics of Ko Kutani ware. Goto Saijiro Sadatsugu, who called himself Genki, was a 150-koku stipendary official of the Daisyoji clan, and died on March 4th, 1675.

Dejima, Nagasaki Rakubasaru
In 1662, the Nagasaki Magistrate (Kurokawa Kohei is mentioned from 1658 to 1662, but one book mentions Shimada Hisataro Morimasa from 1662 to 1665) accepted the request of the Dutch and allowed them to display and sell Japanese goods on Dejima. from 1662 to 1665, Shimada Hisataro Morimasa was in office), they were allowed to display and sell Japanese products on Dejima, and among these, Arita ware was the most popular. This was the first time that Japanese people had set up a trade fair in the foreign settlement, and they called it Rakubasaru.
Until then, Arita ware had been exported from Dejima under the control of the Dutch, but this was the first time that it was allowed to be openly bought and sold. (The Dejima Bazaar was a pottery shop run by Hachida Fukawa Eizakumon from Arita from the first year of Meiji, and later became the property of his son, Chuji. In 1664, a report was made that the number of Imari ware pieces imported to Holland reached 45,000, and this was a statistic released by the government of that country in later years.

Tsuji Kiuemon
In 1668, the Edo pottery merchant Imanariya Gorobei went to Arita to buy goods and search for exquisite tableware at the behest of Date Tsunamune, the feudal lord of the Sendai domain. After consulting with several potters, he decided to commission the famous potter of the time, Tsuji Kiukemon. Gorohei immediately placed an order with him and was satisfied with the beautiful blue and white tableware he received. He took it back with him and presented it to the Date family in the second year.

The Tsuji family receives an order from the Imperial Court
Tsunemune greatly praised the exquisite workmanship and immediately presented it to the Sento Gosho (the retired emperor’s palace) as a gift for the use of distinguished guests. The 111th emperor of Japan, Emperor Reigen, was extremely pleased with the product, and ordered Nabeshima Mitsushige, the lord of the Saga domain, to procure even more pure and clean products for the imperial household, using Kiiemon’s products as a model. The Tsuji family was presented with a curtain with the imperial crest and a high-quality paper lantern. From this time on, it is said that the imperial family began to use the beautiful blue and white porcelain for their daily meals.

The encouragement of Chouemon Fujimoto
From around 1668, the pottery merchants Chouemon Fujimoto and Kichidayu Nakano were involved in the repeated sale of Arita ware to various provinces. At first they sold Kakiemon’s red glazed ware, but from around the Shoho era (1645-1648) the technique of Aka-Shibori had already spread to Arita, and by the second year of the Kanbun era (1662) there were more than ten red-painting artisans, and since many people skilled in this art were born, Chouemon also greatly encouraged this, and it is said that from this time on this industry developed remarkably.

Takumo Tatsusu dies
On January 6th, 1669 (the 9th year of the Kanbun era), Takumo Tatsusu, the Mimasaka governor, died. He was 62 years old at the time of his death. He was the eldest son of Shigetomi, the grandson of Takayoshi Goto, the feudal lord of Takeo, and became the adopted heir of the previous lord, Yasujun Nagato no Kami, and was the third head of the Takeo clan. He was a great supporter of the development of Arita ware. In his later years, he cut off his hair and took the name Gukei.

There were 180 pottery kilns and 11 red-painted houses
In 1672, in order to prevent the proliferation of red-painted houses, the number of pottery kilns was limited to the current 11, and the number of pottery kilns was limited to 180. At this time, it was decided that no one other than those in possession of a license would be allowed to operate a kiln, and that the kilns of the operators would be collected. Also, at this time, the red-painted pottery makers were gathered together and a part of Shimokouhei was divided off to form a separate area called Akahimachi, as is attested to by the inscription on the bell in the main gate of Houonji Temple in Hekokai.
At that time, the small districts within the Arita-saramayama area were divided into the following eleven districts: Izumiyama, Kamikohira, Nakatsuru (together with Kotaru), Otaru, Kamishirakawa, Shimoshirakawa (Nakashirakawa appears to have been divided into upper and lower sections), Shimokohira, Akane-machi, Hieko-ba, Nakanohara, and Iwayagawa-nai. Koba, Nakanohara, Iwayagawachi, and the eleven districts that were formerly part of Shirakawa were later merged to form a single Shirakawa district, which was then renamed Shimo-Kouhei, and the district of Reiko-ba was renamed Hie-ko-ba.

Ceramic tiles inside Honganji temple
Teikyou By the time of the Jōkyō era (1684-1688), manufacturing technology had advanced greatly, and there is a fine piece of work with red coloring on the eight-centimeter square ceramic plates used to decorate the inner walls of the Kyōzō, made by Jakuyo Shōnin of Honganji. The inscription on this work reads “Made by Doi Genzaemon of Arita Sarayama, Matsuura County”.

Haiku poet A Record of the Visit to Arita by the Haiku Poet Sanzenfu
On the 28th day of the 8th month of the 2nd year of the Jōkyō era, the haiku poet Sanzenfu (Tenkū Hōshi) from Ise Province’s Iwa village came to Minamigawara from Arita’s Sarayama and visited the 5th generation Kakiemon, and in his travel journal there is a passage about his visit to Arita.

Imari goes to the Arita-saramayama area to check on the Imari ware pottery, and it says that this mountain is all pure white clay, there are over a thousand huts, ten kilns, but only five hundred mouths, and there are no more huts to be counted in the surrounding area. This is is very abstract, but it seems to be a true description of the situation at the time. This is a conceptual description of the area, and it does not give a full picture of the area. Also, even though it is a small area with houses thatched with straw thatched huts, it can be seen how rapidly the area developed from that time onwards, and it can also be seen that there were so many houses built that they stretched as far as the outskirts of the nearby villages and even as far as the southern riverbank.
In particular the number of kilns is said to be 3,000, which is probably the number of kilns in the area mentioned above. The number of kilns is said to be 500, which is probably the number of kilns in the area mentioned above. Of course there were many small anko kilns, but we should be able to tell that they were very popular at the time. Yushu As the mining of the Yamaishibata mine has already been going on for 80 years, the white surface of the ground here and there is like the white cloth mentioned in the above passage, and in a poem by the local scholar Taneda Aida, the following lines can be found.

The whole mountain like snow, stones stretching out in all directions, the name of a good potter is known throughout the world
this business was started 200 years ago by the famous Korean potter, Lee Sam-pyung

a passage that conveys the thoughts of the potter
Genroku In the 1690s, the lord of the domain, Mitsushige, ordered the head of the Imari pottery to ensure that the secrets of the pottery techniques of the Sarayama kilns were not leaked to other kilns. In the instructions he gave to the head of the Imari pottery, Yagumon Oki, on December 12th of the same year, there is a passage that reads as follows. this area is strictly controlled as the location of the ship’s hold.

If you are not careful, you may be mistaken for a person who is staying in the area for business, or you may be mistaken for a person who is staying in the area for business, or you may be mistaken for a person who is staying in the area for business, or you may be mistaken for a person who is staying in the area for business, or you may be mistaken for a person who is staying in the area for business, or you may be mistaken for a person who is staying in the area for business, or you may be mistaken for a person who is staying in the area for business, or you may be mistaken for a person who is staying in the area for business, or you may be mistaken for a person who is staying in the area for business, or you may be mistaken for a person who is staying in the area for business, or you may be mistaken for a person who is staying in the area for business, or you may be mistaken for a person who is staying in the area for Sarayama guardhouse
At key points on the upper and lower slopes of Arita’s Sarayama, guardhouses were built with roofs bearing the clan lord’s family crest, and inside they were equipped with spears, sleeves, and other items to guard against suspicious foreigners entering or leaving, or to inspect passports. The upper guardhouse was located at Izumiyama (the site of the house of Imagawa Nankisaku), and the guardhouse at Iwayagawachi was located on both sides of the Iwayagawachi Megane Bridge (the house on the upper side of the bridge was a house for rent by Koichi Imaoshima, and the house on the lower side of the bridge was the house of Koichi Hirano). In addition to these, there were also guardhouses at the border between the Omura domain and the Hirado domain.
The officials in charge of the guardhouses were officials sent from the clan, and at the time of the Meiji Restoration, Tokutomi Soshichi (the father of the confectioner Kichisaburo) was stationed at the guardhouse in Izumiyama, Kitajima Kaemon (the father of the paper lantern maker Shuhei) was stationed at the guardhouse in Iwayagawachi, and Shimada Yoichi was stationed at the guardhouse in Shimohashiwaki. In addition, Shimaguchi Shingo Shingo Shimanouchi was the supervisor of the stone pit, and later became the head of the village of Yamashiro. Tokunosuke Takushima was also one of the supervisors.
In the stone pit At the main gate of the stone pit, a guard named Nani Bunpei was posted at the guardhouse outside the main gate (in the direction of Kamiyakou), and a guard named Maki Kaemon was posted at the guardhouse at the boundary (in the direction of Sakaimatsu). In the year 1890, Kaemon went to see the horse-riding archery festival at the Kurokami Shrine in Miyano, Kushima County (the festival is held on the 29th of the 9th month every year, and involves riding horses). at a certain apothecary’s house in the area, he got into an argument with a certain samurai from the Takeo domain, and he pulled out his sword and stabbed the other person, then ran away.
The samurai who was attacked , the samurai who was attacked unexpectedly, although he seemed to be trying to run away, collapsed on the road with his entrails exposed, and the samurai from the same clan and 30 or so others all rushed to the border guard station to take revenge. At this time there was a commotion in which Kaigomon escaped through the back door at the last moment, but he was eventually executed after being interrogated, as he could not be abandoned due to a complaint from the Takeo clan.

札の Tsuji
In the Genroku era (1688-1704), a large notice board was constructed between the Otaru and Honkouhei areas to post all kinds of announcements, not to mention those related to the pottery industry. (This is the front of the barbershop today, which is why this area is called Fuda no Tsuji.

Mitsushige ‘s hand
On August 12th, 1695, the feudal lord Mitsushige gave the following order to the Arita Sarayama magistrate as a handover of the Arita Ware production area.

Small articles Head of the Office for the Collection of Small Goods
The following is a record of the instructions given to the head of the office for the collection of small goods, who was in charge of supervising the work of the artisans who made the small goods for the kilns in the other domains. The instructions were as follows: “The work of the artisans who make the small goods for the kilns in the other domains is not to be done secretly. If anyone is found to be doing so, they will be punished.
The small goods for the kilns If there is anything that is to be sent to another domain, it must not be sent out. If there is anything that is to be sent out, it must be sent to the head person.
One plate The head of the household in Yamato (the head of the household Nabeshima in Yamato) will hand over the items to the head of the household in the area from which they were sent. In addition to the above, the head of the household may also give instructions to the head of the household in the area. If the head of the household in the area is unable to comply with the instructions, he should consult with the head of the household in Yamato.

Tsuji family direct order
In 1706, the fourth generation of the Kamikohira family, Tsuji Kiheiji Aijyo, received a special order to make porcelain directly (something that had previously been made by the Nabeshima clan and then presented to the court), and was appointed as a Hitachi Otsukasa (a high-ranking official in the Hitachi domain). After that the chrysanthemum crest that was carefully produced by the Tsuji family came to be used by the Imperial Family and other members of the Imperial Court.
In 1712, Yokoshi Fujishichi of Kihara discovered that Amakusa stone could be used to make porcelain, and this discovery led to a revolution in the world of porcelain production. it must have been a tremendous shock to the potters of Arita, who had previously thought that it was impossible to make porcelain without the use of the Izumi-yama stone.

Goto Soin
From the time of the Toyotomi Shogunate until the early Edo period, overseas trade was greatly encouraged in order to develop Japanese industry and benefit the people of the country. At that time people like Nagasaki town elder Goto Soin (a man named Sadayoshi Nakatsukasa, a branch of the Takeo Goto family and the lord of the Tomioka Tenjinyama castle, born on November 24th, 1627) traveled to places like Prunei (the main island of the Malay Peninsula, Pruneo Oshima), Cambodia (the protectorate of Indochina, now known as Cambodia) Cambodia, which was a protectorate of the Kingdom of Siam, or to the Annam region, and while earning profits from overseas trade, he came to the Nago Castle in the first year of Bunroku and requested an audience. Hideyoshi gave him a scarlet battle surcoat and awarded him the title of Soin.

Satsuma ‘s trade with the South Seas
Ieyasu also ordered Shimazu Yoshihiro of Satsuma to send a letter to the Ryukyu King, the Ming Dynasty’s Governor-General Fu Jian, to negotiate a trade in gold, silver, and utensils, such as those in our gardens, for Chinese brocade and other goods. made a great profit, but even after the shogunate issued this prohibition in later years, it is said that the domain continued to trade secretly, taking advantage of its proximity to foreign countries and its location on the border, and using its reputation as a trading post for Ryukyu.

Going to China
At the time were also known as “going to China”, and there were many adventurers from the Kyoto-Osaka area and Nagasaki, as well as from the Hirado and Karatsu regions, who traveled to places such as Kuchu, Siam, Tokyo and Cambodia. It is said that at this time, many so-called “Nanban” ceramics were imported, such as Kuchu-yaki and Sango-roku from Siam.

Yawata ship
During these voyages, there were many people who became merchants in order to make a living after the defeat of Kaihara or the fall of Osaka, and there were many people who made the voyage to China, especially the fierce warriors of the Matsuura clan, who could not bear the peace and were so fierce that they even dared to engage in pirate-like trade on the seas of the Orient, in the form of the Hachiman ships that had previously roamed the seas.
Some there were even those who crossed over to Siam and built a Japanese town, or who, with the permission of the king, produced dyed pottery here that was similar to Arita ware. If this trend had continued naturally, not only would our country’s industry and trade have expanded, but Arita ware would also have been able to establish a significant overseas market.

Sakoku However, the ban on overseas travel on July 5th, 1636 (Kan’ei 13th year) frustrated the ambitions of the Japanese people to develop, and prevented the emergence of great men such as Nagamasa Yamada, Toshichiro Harada, Kosukezaemon Rouson Sukezaemon or Zeniya Gohei, and so on, and blocked off the opportunity to produce great men and productive and economic progress.
In the 10th year of the Kyoho era In the tenth year of the Kyoho era (1725), there was an incident involving the overseas smuggling of goods by the wealthy merchants Tomimura Kan’uemon and Ureshino Jirozaemon of Arita Sarayama. Before describing the details of this incident, we will first give a brief overview of the history of the business of Kan’uemon and his ancestors, and their involvement with Sarayama.

Shimazu At the time of the
Shimazu attack in March 1587, Hideyoshi had gathered his troops in Kyushu to attack Shimazu Yoshihisa (who died on January 22, 1611 at the age of 79, posthumously awarded the rank of Junior Third Rank). The troops in Satsuma were extremely strong, and Hideyoshi’s vanguard was greatly troubled.

Six-character name banner
Knowing that it would not be easy to subdue the Satsuma army, Hideyoshi came up with a plan to use the

mon-dyeing , or they made up a monk’s outfit and a wheel-shaped stole and put them on a warrior’s armor, and then they came riding up on horseback with a banner bearing the six-syllable name of the sect, and the Pure Land Shinshu followers in the Satsuma army the Pure Land Shinshu followers suddenly lost their sharpness, and some of them even led the enemy army in, guiding them through the back roads. The battle The eighth chief priest of Honganji, Kennin, who was worried about the disaster, intervened at this time and had Yoshihisa reconcile at Taihei-ji in Kawauchi.

Yoshihisa ‘s pressure on the Jōdo Shinshū
When Yoshihisa learned of the aforementioned circumstances in Kyoto in later years, he became greatly enraged, falsely believing that the Honganji had conspired with the Jōdo Shinshū. he began to put the Shinshu believers in his domain under great pressure, and those who followed the teachings of the sect were threatened with crucifixion. This was in the years 1595-6.

Genbei leaves
At this time There was a wealthy merchant in Kagoshima called Tomura Genbei, who owned five or six large ships with a total capacity of over 2,000 koku, and who was constantly engaged in trade with India under the name of a trader who regularly visited Ryukyu. As a devout believer, he found it difficult to bear the recent prohibition, and so he made up his mind to leave the area.

Meizen The temple’s founder
He and a certain person from another family loaded up their many possessions onto a large ship, and together with the head priest of the temple they called Myōzen-ji, they disembarked at the port of Imari in the province of Hizen. Tomimura Uke settled in this area and continued his Indian trade, buying and selling goods as before, and he also had the head priest of Myōzenji Temple build the current Myōzenji Temple at the junction of the rivers and lakes in this area.
In relation to the Arita ware that became an important product of trade, became an important product of trade, Genbei moved to Arita-saranoyama and set up a base in Chuo-otaru (from the current Idenagasaku residence to the Yamamoto Fumihira residence), and a branch family moved to Shimokouhei (later renamed Akae-machi, and later the home of Goto Saiziro and Tomimura Morisaburo). the name was changed to Akae-machi, and he later moved in with Goto Saijiro, and Tomimura Morisaburo became the ancestor) Gembei established a branch office in Matairi, and with Ushino Yoemon as the manager, trade with India flourished, and the family fortunes continued to grow. , during the time of the second Kanbei, the country’s trade policy was tightened in 1636, and foreign ships were even banned from entering Nagasaki port.

The fourth Kan’emon
The fourth Kan’emon’s family wealth continued to grow, and it was said that even the money in the family’s miso storehouse was boiling over with gold, so much so that there was even a children’s game in the town that went “Kan’en-don’s storehouse is full of miso and gold that’s boiling over”. Kankomon, who was full of natural enterprising spirit, had a burning ambition to try his hand at the grand scheme of Indian trade when he thought back on the achievements of his ancestors.

Ushino Jirozaemon
There was a man named Jirozaemon who was adopted by a certain clerk of the Inuzuka family of the Kashima domain in the Fujitsu district, and who was a talented and courageous man. He ran a sake shop called Kakunoya in Akae-machi, and worked as the manager of the Inuzuka family business while also working as a clerk for Kan’emon. ran a sake shop called Kakunoya in Akahenmachi, and he himself commuted to work as the manager of Kanjuemon, but he and Kanjuemon, who was of the lineage of hidden bushi and had the blood of Satsuma Hayato , who had inherited the blood of the hidden warriors and the Satsuma Hayato, greatly agreed with Kanaemon, and here they secretly devised a plan to trade Arita ware overseas in violation of the shogunate’s ban.

Indian smuggling
Kanyu loaded the pottery onto a ship in Imari, and after stopping briefly at the port of Hirado, Jiroza prepared everything and, accompanied by a man named Imazuya Shichiro, smuggled the pottery to India. on the return journey, he would bring back rare and precious goods from the region and secretly sell them in Japan, making a huge profit.

Jiro Jirozaemon’s sense of righteousness
However, one day Jirozaemon was tracked down from the rare goods he had sold in Osaka, and he, as well as Imazuya Shichirozaemon and the boatman Tokuzaemon, were all arrested and thrown into the Nagasaki jail , and although the torture of Jirozaemon was severe, he resolutely maintained that he had acted on his own and that Kanjuemon had no knowledge of it.

Kanjuemon committed suicide
Kan’emon realized that not only would Jirozaemon suffer for a long time, but that the crime of masterminding the plot would ultimately not be punished, and so on May 20th, 1725, he committed suicide at his residence in Otaru. Jirozaemon, who was in prison Jirozaemon, upon hearing Kanyuemon’s suicide, decided that there was no point in continuing to fight, and on November 18th of the same year, he took his own life with a sense of resignation. He was then hanged in Nagasaki’s Hakozaka, along with Jirozaemon and Tokuzaemon.
Kanyuemon ‘s large monument was originally located in the graveyard of the Otaru Sankūan temple, but has since been moved to the graveyard of the Honkōheiya pottery.

The theory that Taira no Koremori theory of being a descendant
The sixth generation of Taira no Koremori’s descendants became a disciple of Jakubun and changed his name to Myokaku, and was also known as the Zen priest of the third rank in the world, but it is said that he was killed in Sagami Province’s Tagoshi Village along with Bunkaku for their misdeeds, but according to one theory, he Kinoshima-sho Funehara (now Nakadori-mura) and later moved to Shoukuma-mura in Fujitsu, where he married a woman from Okada-maru and had a son called Rokunosuke. The eldest son became the lord of Shoukuma and became the lord of the Kuma region, and his descendants continued to serve the lord of the Sumiyoshi region, Goto Takaaki. The lord of the Kuma region was Kuma Satsuma no Kami Moritane, and his younger brother was known as Tsuji Ukon no Dayu Toyoaki, the lord of the Tsuji region.

Kuma and Tsuji
a man from the same lineage as the Kuma family, is said to be the ancestor of the Tsuji family, who were in charge of the imperial court’s pottery, due to the fact that the mother of the aforementioned Ureshino Jirozaemon was a relative of the Tsuji family. It is said that the Tsuji family is said to have come from Tsuji Goto Kuro Muneaki, the younger brother of Tsuji Goto Hachiro Yukiaki, the tenth generation of Takeo, but at that time, Tsuji Motoshiro, the younger brother of Kuma Moritane, became the adopted heir of the Tsuji family and changed his name to Toyoaki. Now, from the execution of Ryozaemon from the public execution of Koremochi, Koremochi abandoned the Kijimura family name and took the Kuma family name from his mother’s side, and in later generations, he became a potter in Hekoba. Also, in this branch family, there was Kuma Tamezo of Akamachi.

The Kannon of the Hand
Jirozaemon Jirozaemon, who was a devout believer in the Kannon of Mote, had brought back from a certain place in India a beautiful piece of jade carving, but it was stolen from the Katsuragunji temple, where it was enshrined. A wooden carving of the Kannon of Mote was made in its place, and is now enshrined in a small hall by the temple gate. the tombstone of the couple is also erected on the west side of the main hall here, but it is unknown whether it was because of their death by execution that their secular names were not written on it. (The other tombs of the Kuma family are in the graveyard below Hieko-ba Kannon-gan)
In the Kyoho era (1716-1736), the consignment sales to wholesalers in the Kyoto-Osaka area reached a peak, but it seems that the trading conditions were not as good as they had hoped . There is an old document with a written explanation of the situation. The Tsuji family was probably the representative pottery of the area at the time.

Document on the state of business with the Kyoto wholesaler transaction documents
oral statement
In recent years, the ware dealer has been selling the ware continuously, but since last autumn, the ware has been sold directly from the kiln, and since then, the ware dealer has not been selling much, so the ware has not been sold at all. I would like to ask for your understanding and cooperation. I would also like to ask you to consider the fact that, since the time of the previous sale, the middleman has been unable to sell the goods, and that the sale has been delayed. If it is too short, we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not be able to buy many goods, so we will not I have heard that you are not able to use or dispose of it, and it has been delayed for a long time. If you are unable to do anything about it, please accept it in whatever way you can. I also think that it would be inappropriate to complain to the police station about the unfairness of the middleman’s share. even if you do not have anything else to do, it would be best to go to the police station and lodge a complaint. If you do this, I will gradually prepare to accept your request. If you can spare the time for a while, I will do my best to take care of the matter.
I have also sent letters to the various people who are in charge of the cargo, and have asked them to send the replacement money or the replacement goods, etc. However, I have not received any replies, and I am very worried. I am writing to you to ask you to please take care of this matter. not be able to be replaced with silver, etc. from the country, etc. In this case, the middleman will be able to take the necessary measures, or the silver will be replaced with silver from the owner of the silver, etc. Please send a request to the middleman, and we will be able to take care of the matter.
In the year that has passed (the 13th year of the Kyoho era), I have requested that you allow me to be the sole supplier of Yazaemon Harada’s pottery, and my request has been granted. I have been asked to supply 40 kan of silver to the Mayama family, but as this is not enough, I would like to borrow 20 kan from you. I will pay you back the remaining 200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Since the money was originally promised by a government official, we will pay you the 200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 from your residence. I have written to the above-mentioned address, but I have not received a reply. I am wondering if there is a problem with the address, or if you are too busy to reply.
As I am the sole agent for the Ishihara Yazaemon, I have been asked to pay 20000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Accordingly, the 200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Hikobei-dono has repeatedly asked me to send you 100 mon (in December 1714), but for the past year or two, you have only sent a small amount of goods. Recently, you have not sent any goods at all. If you are unable to pay the principal and interest now, I would like to ask you to please take these matters into consideration and do your best to pay me back as soon as possible. As I mentioned above, since the spring of the year of the rooster, I have been selling a lot of silver to the first wholesaler before I started making it, but I have been unable to pay you back at all. . If this is the case, I will do my best to arrange matters as you wish. I will also be able to pay for the silver, so please send it to Saga by next spring. I beg you to do as I have asked.
Kyouhou 20th year of Kyoho, May of the 2nd month
Hashimoto Fumiemon, Judge
Saryama, the owner of the cargo
Tsuji Uemon-sama
If we consider the method of dealing with the time-house based on the document on the right, it seems that it has changed slightly from the original system, and it seems that it was changed from the clan history for the convenience of the pottery, and if it is disadvantageous to the front, it is thought that it is a common practice for samurai to change the system without using it, and it is thought that it is a common practice for samurai to change the system without using it, and it is thought that it is a common practice for samurai to change the system without using it, and it is thought that it is a common practice for samurai to change the system without using it, and it is thought that it is a common practice for samurai to change the system without using it, and it is thought that it is a common practice for samurai to change the system without using it, and it is thought that it is a common practice for samurai to change the system without using it, and it is thought that it is rights, and it is thought that they may have behaved in a rather selfish way, but the other side were also merchants from the Kansai region who were not concerned about the profit margins of their business dealings and interest rates, so it is not thought that they were entirely at fault. If we compare the two sides to a game of sumo, the former would be the one who pushed with all their strength, and the latter would be the one who used the underarm grip.

Arita The failure of Arita ware
Although the shogunate’s policy was to impose restrictions on overseas exports, Arita ware had already gained recognition for its true value within Japan, and trade from Kyoto and Osaka to the provinces was increasing. From the Kyoho era (1716-1736), the kilns in Arita were having a bad time, and the continuous production of defective pottery was thought to be the work of demons, and people were frightened by rumors of the decline of the pottery industry.
At that time, the fate of the industry was thought to be decided by the firing process, which was the final stage of porcelain At a time when the fate of the industry was said to be decided by the final stage of firing, they prayed for the blessings of the gods and Buddha, and even now, before firing the kilns, they visit the Kotoku-in shrine in Kashima to pray for a successful firing, and in an age when people didn’t understand anything about science, it was only natural that people should be afraid.

Koho-gen-ji Prayer and Penance
In October of the first year of the Genbun era (1736), the fifth lord of the domain, Munemasa, ordered Nabeshima Mokunosuke, Notomi Jukomon, and Takuzo to perform prayer and penance at the Hogenji temple in Akahinomachi to pray for the success of the Yamanaka Shigeaki pottery.

Kak
Sarayama pottery ware produced in Osaka and elsewhere, and to pray for the removal of all disasters and calamities from the Yamanaka Shigeaki family. As such, we will continue to pray diligently.
Genbun 1st year October
Nabeshima Mokunosuke, seal
Noumi Jueemon
Takuzo, seal
Hogenji
Hogenji was founded in 1630 by Nichioku, the 16th abbot of the Kokusho Matsuo-zan Koushouji temple (in Ogi), and is a temple dedicated to the propagation of the Lotus Sutra. In the year On this mountain, 5,000 copies of the Lotus Sutra were read aloud for 17 days, and prayers were said for the safety of the country, the success of pottery, and the prosperity of the temple. The effect was so great that from this time on, two fixed amounts of silver were donated to the temple every year.

The prayer card of Prayer Cards
Even now, there is a stone at the main gate of Hougenji Temple that was used as a place to pray for pottery. Until the Meiji era, the kilns in the mountains would receive a prayer card from Hougenji Temple, which was then placed on the end of a bamboo stick and held up to the edge of the kiln opening (coloring hole). Also, on New Year’s Day and On the 16th of January and July, wooden prayer cards were distributed from Hougenji to the heads of each kiln. Later, each shrine and other places began to print their own prayer cards for the pottery kilns and distribute them to the kilns.

Control of Magnet Thieves Notice of Control
On July 5th, 1738, Takumi Shigeaki of Mimasaka reported that some people had been stealing the local Izumi-yama magnet, and that he was very unhappy about it. He was told to report the matter to the local government office, which was in charge of controlling the pottery industry, and (There was a high-level residence in front of the current Kohei Aoki residence in Kamikohira, but there was a notice that if you reported it to the inspector, you would be rewarded with 10 silver coins.

Arita Sarayama It is forbidden to take pottery clay out of the domain. This time, those who have stolen clay have been caught and punished. After this, those who have been caught stealing clay from the domain have been punished. Even if they are travelers, they should be detained and reported to the watchhouse at the Sarayama meeting place as soon as possible. If there are any of these people in the union, they should be reported to the union. If there are any of these people in the union, they should be reported to the union. If there are any of these people in the union, they should be reported to the union. If there are any of these people in the union, they should be reported to the union. If there are any of these people in the union, they should be reported to the union. If there are any of these people in the union, they should be reported to the union. If there are any of these people in the union, they should be reported to the union. If there are any of these people in the union, they should be reported to the union. If there are any of these people in the union, they should be reported to the union. If there are any of these people in the union, they should be reported to the union. If I will inform the people in charge of the guardhouses of the details of the matter.

July 5th

Kawanami Yaemon Kumon
Tokushima Former Kumon
I have received the above.
Otsuka Hiranai
Among the various families
I have received the above.
I will also inform the villages of the above. Tax
In 1748, the government decided to collect a tax on the number of kilns fired and the number of red-painted houses in the area.

The Horeki Reform and the Name-Card System
In the first year of the Horeki era (1751), the various systems of the Sarayama area were reformed, and in particular, a register of kilns and red-paint shops was created, with the seal of the Nabeshima clan. In addition, the tax on the number of kilns was abolished and replaced with a door tax. the number of businesses, namely 180 pottery kilns and 110 dyeing workshops, were issued with a name card (a permanent license certificate) in November. In later years, this name card was used as collateral for loans of around 60 to 70 mon, and it was also possible to buy them at a high price.
The attached sheet shows a name card from the first year of the Genji era The attached document is a copy of the name-card from the first year of the Genji era, and as you can see in the accompanying diagram, it includes small cards such as water-mill cards, craft cards, calligraphy cards, rough-hewn cards, and bottom-removing cards, and with the exception of the water-mill cards, all of them were subject to a tax of 70% of the silver coinage. were also all subject to the system of being fired in the kiln or being paid as taxes.

Bottom-taking ticket
The bottom-taking ticket is a license ticket for the purchase of the bottom soil (dried soil) scraped off from the raw pottery, from the Ko-yaki kiln to the O-yaki kiln, or from the mountain where the inferior goods are produced.
Houreki 11 On September 1st, 1761, the Arita magistrate gave a public lecture at Kannonji Temple (the Tendai sect, now the office of the Tōzan Shrine) to make the strict regulations for the official kilns known to the people of the various mountains. From this time on, a public announcement was made every February at this temple.

Kiln name representative nameplate
In the 13th year of the Horeki era (1763), the number of nameplates for the kiln firing was increased from 180 to several more, in the name of the representative of the kiln. In other words, in order to moderate the expansion of this business, nameplates were issued as a quasi-kiln firing.
Originally, the continuous kiln used for firing porcelain , the first firing opening is like a lean-to structure, and because it is fired by kneading with a pole, it was called a tsugi kiln (possibly a corruption of the word for “wooden pole kiln”) or anko kiln. At this firing opening the kiln is fired until it is ready to be moved to the upper kiln, and the kiln marks are covered in indigo ash. This is why it is also called ankō. The next type is the kuchigama kiln.

Ankō
This After passing through the mouth of the kiln for a few ken, it becomes a main climbing kiln. The shape of the mouth kiln is the same as the round kiln, but it is very small, so it is called anko kiln, like a portable brazier, but it is probably a corruption of anko kiln. In this mouth anko kiln, were fired in the Anko kiln, including red sake cups, door wheels, square plates, water jugs, and small boxes. In later years, many of these so-called Anko kiln wares became known as Oya ware.

There were 11 Akaya becomes 16
The 11 Akehaya nameplates that had been issued up to 1770 were increased by a further five, making a total of 16, and this was decided to be the permanent limit.

Kinkagae Ichimon reunification
On August 23rd, 1770, at the request of the Kanagae clan, Takumi Shigetaka granted the clan’s ten members a stipend of 600 koku of rice and exempted them from the kiln tax. It seems that some of the clan members had already passed down three or four generations since that time, and that some of them had violated the rules set out in the 1656 Meireki era (1656), it appears that some of them were in breach of the rules laid down in the 1656 edict, and were occasionally fined and had their tax-free privileges revoked. On each such occasion, the family would make a petition to the Taku clan, praising the achievements of their leader, Sanbei. were Tokunaga Ise-dayu, Kanagae Seigoemon, Tohei, and Manukomon.

The abolition of the system of appointing officials to serve in the name of the lord However, in 1772, a notice was issued by the Nabeshima clan stating that it was not right to give rice stipends to those who had not served in any official capacity. After that, were banned, the Kanagae clan also had no choice but to have their rice allowance taken away. As this was a matter of great importance to our honor, we discussed it as a family and once again submitted the following request to the Taku clan.

Request from the Kanagae clan Mon’s petition
We, the members of the clan, have been receiving rice from the lord for generations, but recently we have been unable to receive it, and we are extremely troubled by this.
We would like to petition the lord as follows our ancestors, and we have received the highest honor. The person in question is called Kinkagae Sanbei, and he was summoned to join the army when his ancestors were in the Korean campaign. and then I was summoned to serve at your side for several years. I served as a retainer in Korea, and I heard rumors from time to time that I was acting as a kind of entertainer for you. If you are a Korean, you will understand that this is not in line with the customs of our country. there are many things that are not in line with the customs of our country, and there are also many things that are not in line with the customs of our country, and there are also many things that are not in line with the customs of our country, and there are also many things that are not in line with the customs of our country, and there are also many things that are not in line with the customs of our country, and there are also many things that are not in line with the customs of our country, and there are also many things that are not in line with the customs of our country, and there are also many things that are not in line with the customs of our country, and there are also many things that are not in line with the customs of our country, and there are also many things that are not in line with the customs of our country, and there are also many things that are not in line with the customs of our country, and there are also many things that are not in line with the customs of our country, and there are also many things . The opening of the Sarakayama area in the Uchida district has led to the prosperity of the area, and the Sarakayama area has now become a thriving area. The opening of the pottery kilns was made possible by the efforts of Uzaemon Sanbei, and he has been granted exemption from the obligation to serve in the government.

1. Uzaemon Sanbei and his descendants are prospering, and nothing is left for the government to take care of. When the government needs the services of a natural person, it will assign a suitable role to the descendants. When the government takes over the family residence and gives it to someone else, it will not be possible to take over the descendants. In the reign of Emperor Tai’in (Shomu), there was a law forbidding the appointment of officials from outside the country. Our ancestors and others were appointed in the same way. At that time, we received an imperial edict appointing our ancestors to the position of right-hand guard, in recognition of their loyalty and faithfulness. we were summoned to serve in the government, but because of our loyalty to our ancestors, we were not able to accept the offer. We respectfully request that you consider our request and allow us to serve in the government. There are many rules and regulations that we must follow. In particular, we have received a great deal of support from our ancestors, and we hope that we will be able to repay them by receiving a great reward. We also hope that we will be able to serve our lord faithfully. We hope that we will be able to receive a great reward from our ancestors. One rice bag is equivalent to three koku. We humbly request that you accept this letter and that we may serve you faithfully for all eternity. We are deeply grateful for your kind letter, and we have nothing further to say. We are now in possession of the letter, which is in the possession of Sanbei.
   We have written a separate letter to you, which we have enclosed. Since the time of the previous lord, we have been granted an audience every New Year’s, and we have also received sake and other gifts. Furthermore, when the previous lord and many others were entering the castle, our ancestors and we were granted an audience.
   Therefore, until the time of the current lord’s entry into the castle, we have continued to be granted an audience, as was the case in the past.
   One of our names name is Lee, and we are from the Korean province of Kimgae.
   The above is the reason the previous year, Sanbei and his family received rice from the government. However, this year, due to the circumstances, they have not received any rice. I hope you will understand that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our gratitude in any way, and that we are unable to express our there is no way to save face in the world. If there are any of your relatives, retainers or other officials in the area, please be careful not to cause any gossip or trouble. I beg you to have mercy on me and continue to provide me with rice as you have done before. I would be very grateful if you could spare me the embarrassment of having to do so. I also wish to express my gratitude for the kindness you have shown me since my ancestors, and to show my respect for the loyalty of my ancestor Sanbei, I would like to offer you a portion of the rice that I have set aside for the first day of the New Year every year. I hope that you will be able to accept this small token of my gratitude. . In this way, I pray that I may be granted the honor of serving you. I beg you to accept my humble request.
   December 18th, 1483 Eighteenth day of the twelfth month
   Yasuzaemon Tokunaga
   Heizaemon Kanagae
   Tizaemon
   Manzaemon
   Yagozuzaemon
   Bennosuke
   Genzaemon
   Sazaemon
   Kusazaemon
   Sanbei

The request of the clan The request was granted
On January 13th, 1773, Takumi Shigetaka was unable to ignore the request due to the relationship they had had in the past, and he especially granted the following document.

Those with a history of being a servant of the Sarayama domain will be granted three koku of rice for eternity.
January 13th, 1773 January 13th, 1773
Mimasaka, seal

Originally, the amount of rice given to a retainer was based on the amount of rice produced in the area, but in years when there was a poor harvest, the amount of rice given was reduced (hence the term “several hundred koku, several tens of koku” used in the past). Even if a retainer only received a small stipend of three koku, people receive a paltry stipend of three koku, even though there is a decree against this, and even though they do not perform any kind of duty, it is enough to see how the Lord of Taku treated the Kinkage clan to understand how favorably he treated them.

Hitachi no Daijo Minamoto no Asomi
In December of the second year of An’ei (1773), the imperial court granted a decree to Kiheiji, the seventh generation of the Tsuji family, who served the court, naming him Hitachi no Oyamato Minamoto no Asomi Aizune. The following year, they renewed their oath to uphold the agreement into the future. (As for the title of “Asomi”, it was not at all different from the title of “Asomi” used by Nakano Chimei, a retainer of the clan, when he was sent to Kyoto to report on the situation. The Tsuji family is a branch of the Takeo Goto family, and so they have the surname of Fujiwara. The Kuma family, who were adopted into the family in the middle of the Edo period , the surname of the Kuma family, which was adopted in the middle of the family line. However, it is not clear whether the Minamoto surname was used out of love, and it is something that should be considered in detail.

Attempting to export Arita ware to Korea attempted to export Arita ware
In 1774, there were those who attempted to sell Arita ware in Korea, but the general level of the local people was very low, and it was impossible to buy anything unless it was cheap and of poor quality. Thus, it was decided to start exporting the ware through the hands of the lord of the Tsushima clan, the Mune clan.

Discovery of the clay used in Arita discovery
In the An’ei era (1772-1781), the discovery of the Tsu-shu clay, which was suitable for mixing with the glaze for porcelain, in the town of Ebara in Tsushima, made it an important raw material second only to Amakusa stone. At the time, the area was 17 tan 12 bu (5,120 tsubo), and there were two types: a powdery type called “gichi” and a stony type, so they were not the same in nature, and they were both made from feldspar and quartz.
Sour acid

The eastern part of , such as the stones used to make the flowerbeds in the eastern part of the town, were collected from the seashore, where they had been scattered and covered with seaweed and other organisms, and then shipped to Arita, where they were crushed and used. became a fortress area, and around 1901, mining was banned, but now it has been lifted and demand has greatly increased, and the use of the hard stone with a lot of silica has completely ceased.

Tsushima soil analysis Analysis Table: Analysis Table for Strong Stone of Yashu Clay
Silicic acid 79.53
Alum 13.07
Iron oxide 0.25
Lime 0.23
Magnesia 0.28
Potash 0.12
Soda 5.00
Loss on ignition 1.63

Analysis Table for Weak Stone of Taisyu Clay Chemical analysis table
Silicic acid 78.45
Alum 12.80
Iron oxide 0.54
Lime 0.32
Magnesia 0.28
Potash 0.51
Soda 5.83
Loss on ignition 1.45

An’ei era (1772-1781) a new kiln was built in Togiya in Izumiyama to make up for the shortage of kilns, and Soden or Sokei Shinkai was put in charge of running it. This is what is called the Izumishin-gama or Togiyagama.

Kume, the local official supervised the Akayaya
In May of the 8th year of the An’ei era (1779), Arita Sarayama magistrate Kume Yajirohachiro agreed on a method of succession for the Akayaya family in order to prevent the secret methods of the Akayaya painters from being leaked. In other words, the sixteen families in this business the sixteen head families of this trade made a pact that, even if they had several children, if they were not the successor to the business, they would not pass on the secret of the gold-painted glaze mixture, etc. The following is an old document that describes the details of this.

Red-painted family Succession of the family headship of the Kabu family
The method of making redware in the Sarayama area is a product of trade with foreign countries, and in recent years, the Nagasaki Magistrate has been involved in the production of Amakusa pottery, which is exported to Holland. Of course, the painters and carvers of the Sarayama area are not involved in this, and so they have not been able to produce the goods. I have heard that they are also being made in the Omura domain of Hirado, so I will immediately take care of it. If I can get the thin-walled wares made, I will not be able to make the thin-walled wares, but if I can get the thin-walled wares made, I will not be able to make the thin-walled wares, but if I can get the thin-walled wares made, I will not be able to make the thin-walled wares, but if I can get the thin-walled wares made, I will not be able to make the thin-walled wares, but if I can get the thin-walled wares made, I will not be able to make the thin-walled wares, but if I can get the thin-walled wares made, I will not be able to make the thin-walled wares, but if I can get the thin-walled wares made, I will not be able to they are not as good as the ones made in the mountains. However, the red pottery from the 16 pottery shops in the mountains was made with great care and effort, and the secret of the recipe was passed down from generation to generation. The servants and other workers are not able to see or guess, and they are all absorbed in their own interests. It is difficult to give them guidance, so last year, people from inside and outside the mountain began to check each other’s work, and I started sending out work from my own estate. , and the red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in this country. The red-dyed goods are especially famous in I will always do my best to uphold the family business and not cause any problems.
Of course, the eldest son will take over the family business.
Even if the eldest son or third son is old, he will still be responsible for raising his wife and children. If he leaves the family to start a new business, it will not be a problem.
The eldest son or third son will take over the family business is also in the process of being prepared.
If a daughter marries into another family, it is not appropriate for her to remain in the family. Even if the wife of the red-roofed house remains, the family line will not continue. If this is the case, what has been done up to now?
The situation is as follows there is a possibility that confidential matters may be leaked. If this happens, the importance of the mountain will be lost, and the decline of the mountain will be as it is now. . As such, I will not be able to examine the matter in detail, so please take immediate action. From now on, please follow the procedures as written here. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask.
Thank you.
March 17th, 1780

Reply from Akahata letter
In response to the above, the letter from Akahata-ya is as follows

1. The second and third sons of Akahata-ya, who are employed as painters, have been brought up in a separate household with their wives and children, and have been working as painters as before. However, the eldest son and the third son have been brought up in a separate household and have been working in a different line of business. The common children have not been employed as painters from a young age, and have been working in the trade of selling goods. , and as for the business of selling them, I have never taught the secrets of the art of making red-ink brushes and ink, and so I have always passed them down from one child to the next.
   If we were to set up a separate business for red-ink brushes . Therefore, until now, the second and third sons have been working separately. At present, there are 16 people working in the red-glaze shop.
   If the women are not involved in the red-glaze work, they will definitely be involved in the mixing of the paints and other work.
   If there are no sons who can do the red-glaze work From before, if there is no one with the right character to take over the job of making red-glazed pottery, then the job will be given to an adopted son. Of course, this is not the case for the last ten years. As mentioned above, there are no more red-glazed pottery makers in Kyoto. . I have also been examining the situation in the city over the past few years, and I have found that there are 16 people living in the city with red paint on their faces. I have also been examining the situation in the city over the past few years, and I have found that there are 16 people living in the city with red paint on their faces. I have no idea what to do about this. I am very sorry, but I am afraid that this matter will have to be left as it is.
   May 19th, Shoya Kinebei
   A second consultation from the Kume magistrate and the inquiry from the Kume magistrate
   As for the way the Akaha family business has been carried out up to now, we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have examined it, and we have received your inquiry and have shape is a separate family business. Since the person in charge of calligraphy and other such work has been a merchant since childhood, the secret of the red calligraphy method has not been passed down from father to son.
   Until now, we have been able to continue in this way. there are things that are not to the liking of the head of the family. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there are any problems, please let us know. If there The radio books are the property of the three sons, and they will work together to maintain them. If the family business is unexpectedly disrupted, the relatives will take over. However, if the three families have a wife or daughter of marriageable age, they will not be able to take over. If the heir to the family’s fortune is unable to take over the family business, the family will collapse. If the heir is unable to do so, the family will collapse. If the heir is unable to do so, the family will collapse. If the heir is unable to do so, the family will collapse. If the heir is unable to do so, the family will collapse. If the heir is unable to do so, the family will collapse. If the heir is unable to do so, the family will collapse. If the heir is unable to do so, the family will collapse. If the heir is unable to do so, the family will collapse. If the heir is unable to do so, the family will collapse. If the heir is unable to do so, the family will collapse. If the heir is unable to do so, the family will collapse. If the heir is unable to do so, the family will collapse. If the heir is unable to do so, the family will collapse. If the heir is unable to do so, the family
   The following is a second response from the Akaya side.
   As the red-lacquered method of payment has been decided, I have written to you about this in the past, but there are still some things that are not clear. I am writing to you again about this.
   One: There are cases where the second and third sons of the family who are in charge of the business I have also mentioned this recently, but if you were to ask me again now, I would be unable to do so. I think that there may be some difficulty in doing so. I would like to ask that you allow me to continue to do as I have done up until now, as I see fit.
   If I were to die suddenly of illness, etc., and I had no children the child is still young and unable to work, the matter is to be settled with the relatives of the family, and the wife and children are to be brought up in a separate household and work in a separate profession, and if the legitimate family cannot be settled, the matter is to be settled as recently announced, and the child is to be adopted by the family and brought up in a separate household, and the child is to be adopted by the family and brought up in a separate household, and the child is to be adopted by the family and brought up in a separate household, and the child is to be adopted by the family and brought up in a separate household, and the child is to be adopted by the family and brought up in a separate household, and the child is to be adopted by the family and brought up in a separate household, and the child is to be adopted by the family and brought up in a separate household, and the child is to be adopted by the family and brought up in a separate household, and the child is to be adopted by the half of them are not suitable for their age, but there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their age, and there are also cases where they are suitable for their . Therefore, I would like to ask that the person who is first mentioned be adopted by a person who is unrelated to the family, and that the female line be adopted by a person who is unrelated to the family. I would like to ask that this be kept a secret. Even if the above-mentioned adopted children are adopted, there is no one who is suitable for the second or third son, so there is no succession. If there is a case where the above-mentioned adoption is carried out, the red paper name card will be deposited with the government office, and the silver for the adoption will be paid by the association.
   It is a matter of course to take it back to the secret place. If, on the other hand, the bride is too young to be married, or if there is some other reason that makes it inappropriate, then it is not necessary to follow the rules. In such cases, please consider the situation carefully and decide what is best for the family. Of course, if the second or third son is to set up a separate business, it is best to let him do so. may be difficult to understand. If the family business is separate, it will naturally be up to the head of the family to decide how to run it. If the head of the family and the heir cannot agree, the head of the family may have to leave the family business and live in a separate house, and the heir may have to take over the family business and live in the head of the family’s house. If the heir is young, from a young age, it is possible that the other party will come to inherit the business. If this is the case, it is best to have a relative from the same profession take over the business of the head family.
   If the business is split up between the two sons, because the family is short of craftsmen, the second and third sons have been sent to work in other families, and even though there are 16 people with red boxes, there is no one to make the pottery brushes, so they have been sent to work at a red-painted house.
   The relatives of the people mentioned above are working in other trades . I have heard that the relatives of the above-mentioned artisans have no connection with them, and that they are employed by the artisans. if you have something else to do, please do not push yourself to the limit.
   If you are a woman, you can do the same as written in the book can be done
   If there is no one to adopt a child who has no children, the child will be adopted from the same class as the one who is adopting the child. If there is no one to adopt a child who has no children, the child will be adopted from the same class as the one who is adopting the child. If there is no one to adopt a child who has no children, the child will be adopted from the same class as the one who is adopting the child. If there is no one to adopt a child who has no children, the child will be adopted from the same class as the one who is adopting the child. If there is no one to adopt a child who has no children, the child will be adopted from the same class as the one who is adopting the child. If there is no one to adopt a child who has no children, the child will be adopted from the same class as the one who is adopting the child. If there is no one to adopt a child who has no children, the child will be adopted from I have written down the details of the conversation that took place in the red-painted room, and I have also written down the number of people who were present.
   If you do not respond to this, I will have no choice but to resign. . I hope that you will understand that this is the case. In recent years, we have not been able to give our second and third sons, who are the only sons with red family crests, to other families, and we have been unable to give them to our friends. . As for the people who will continue the business, there are none, and there is no reason to continue the business. In the case of the name-card, the government office will take care of it, and the tax on the silver will be paid in installments.
   The above is written after careful consideration. I have the honor to submit this report for your kind consideration. As I have mentioned in my previous report, there are many problems in the city, and I have no choice but to abandon my business. I have no intention of doing anything about it.
   May 19th, Shoya Kanbei

The above-mentioned regulations are hereby established. there is also a case where it is not possible to do so. However, if you can do so, please do so.

The signatures of the 16 members of the Akebiya group
And As before, the village headman Kanbei (who was probably the head of the Akahata-ya at the time) and 15 others signed and stamped their names. They were Hachiemon, Shichibeemon Kichiemon, Asaemon, Kube, Takeemon, Kakusamon (Imaizumi), Sanemon Gengo (Kitajima), Hyoemon (Ushijima), Chitayu, Shichibe, Bangoro, Kohei (Tanaka), Gensaburo, etc.

The Six-House System
During the reign of the eighth lord of the domain, Shige At the time of the eighth lord of the domain, Nagato Togaku (who became the lord’s tutor and also the magistrate of the police force), Ishii Kakuzan (whose name was Arisuke, and who was also known as Daiyu or Nakaguruma, and who was a professor at the Hirodokan school in the domain), Koga Seiri (whose name was Boku, and who was a professor at the Shohei school in the Edo shogunate, and who was one of the three people to be awarded the title of Kansei 3 U in 1801, and who died on the 6th of May in the 14th year of the Kyowa era at the age of 68, and was posthumously awarded the title of Junior Fourth Rank), and others, the six police force system (the village police force, the cattle police force, the pottery police force, the police force, and the police force) was established. one of the six instructors of the Kansei era (died on May 6th, 1802 at the age of 68, posthumously awarded the rank of Junior Fourth Court Rank) and others, the system of the six departments (the village department, the cattle department, the pottery department, the rice-tax department, the lending department, and the lecture department) was established. The taxes on the rice fields were paid to the treasury, and the clan was enriched. The income from the six departments was incorporated into the small revenue and used to prepare for the feudal lord’s account (the feudal lord’s personal military account).

The small revenue of Minamigawara
In particular, as ceramics were an important domestic product within the domain, efforts were made to develop the industry in the area known as Sara-yama. From this point on, there was already a small-wares office at the entrance to Minamikawara, and officials would travel there to issue business licenses to miscellaneous traders and collect taxes. This is why the name Minamikawara is still used today.

Osaka-Shikomi
In particular, the clan took great care to protect the pottery industry in this area, and if the kilns were in financial difficulty due to a poor economy, the clan would buy the products and give an advance payment, and then transport them to a warehouse in Osaka, where they would be sold at public auction to merchants from Kishu and Osaka at a time that was judged to be opportune. This method was called “Osaka-shikomi”, and because the ware was purchased with han bills but sold for money or silver, it was not only very profitable for the han, but also a very clever way of using kilns for financial purposes and preventing overproduction.

Izushi ware
In 1789, porcelain was produced in Izushi, Tajima Province. Prior to this, in 1764, Hase Jirobei produced pottery in Hosomi, Murogaki-mura, but in 1789, with the support of the feudal lord of the Senjo clan, he secretly infiltrated Arita and brought certain craftsmen with him, but he ran out of funds. After that, Chinzakomon served the Koide family, the lords of the Sonobe domain in Tanba, and the Arita potters found employment in the pottery industry there. In March of the same year, the domain made the domain retainer Hayashi Murakami the supervisor of the pottery industry, and this is how the production of Izushi porcelain began.

Aizu ware
In the 12th year of the Kansei era (1800), Iwaki-zu Aizu porcelain was first produced. In the second year of the Genshouho era (1646), a man from Mino named Mizuno Genzaemon Naruharu came to this area and served the feudal lord Hoshina Masayuki, opening a pottery in Hongo Village in Onuma County. After his death, his younger brother Chobei grew up and took over, and they continued to make pottery together for several generations. From this point on, the sixth generation grandson, Sakichi’s second son Ihei, planned to make porcelain.

Sato Ihei
On September 11th, 1794, he left his home country and visited the kilns in Shidoro, Seto, Tokoname, Shigaraki, Shimizu and Awata, before coming to Osaka , and obtained a letter of introduction from the Nabeshima clan, the family of the Nuno-ya Shinkomon, a dealer in textiles, to the temple Koden-ji in Hizen (on the way, he observed Shido ware in Sanuki).　He visited Koden-ji Temple in the village of Honjo in Saga County. He asked to be taught how to make porcelain, but at the time, security was very tight, so he was unable to achieve his goal. Ihei therefore pretended to be a temple worker at Koden-ji and frequently traveled to Arita to find out the production method.
From there, he went to Nagasaki to buy materials from Kezu and other places, and on his return trip he saw Hagi ware from Nagato and Ibe ware from Bizen, and then arrived in Osaka. He then studied under the Raku ware master Sensuke in this area, and also studied under Shinoda Goroku in Kyoto and then returned to Edo, arriving in Aizu in August of the 10th year of Kansei and beginning to manufacture porcelain. In the 11th year of the same era, the feudal lord built a government office for the manufacture of stone-ware and gave Ihee a stipend of three rice measures, but it was not until the 12th year of the same era that he finally succeeded. He was then appointed as the head of the Seto kilns. Thus, Sato Ihei Toyoyoshi passed away on October 14th, 1842 at the age of 81.

Maekawa ware
During the Kansei era (1789-1801), Maekawa Zenzaburo of the Maekawa family, who sold Maekawa ware from a stall by the Imari Lake, became famous. The Maekawa family had been dealing in porcelain made in the mountains of Arita as a pottery dealer for generations, but Zenzaburo was a man who loved learning and was extremely artistic. ‘s own designs, the wares made by Kakiemon and Hirabayashi of Arita, etc., gained great praise from customers, and the name of Maekawa-yaki came to be known. (Zenzaburo Hiromasa was the third son of the fourth Zengu-mon Masakiyo, and he succeeded his eldest brother Tenshi, his second brother Zenpachi, and his third brother Zenzo, taking the name Kohei, and succeeding his third son Zenzaburo as the head of the family).

Arita Magistrate’s Office
In December of the first year of the Kyowa era (1801), the feudal lord, Shigeyoshi, abolished the position of village headman and established a new magistrate’s office, which was located in seven places: Kawazoe, Yoka (both in Saga), Ichibu (Mine), Kanzaki, Shiraishi (Kishima), Yokobeta (Sarushi to the north), and Sarayama (Arita). The local government then appointed a powerful figure to the position, and he spent a limited amount of time in the area, getting to know the local villagers and ensuring that they were well looked after.
The Arita Sarayama magistrate’s office was previously established as the Yokome government office in the Okinoki inn in Karafune Castle Town, and the Yomikata was controlled from the Sarayama office in Kamikohira, while the Miyama area was Shirakawa Valley (in front of the current cemetery), which was the site of the old elementary school and is now the area around the town hall, was apparently the new location for the Sarayama Magistrate’s Office.
At that time, the appointed officials consisted of two assistant officials under the Sarayama Magistrate, six officials in charge of investigations at the local office, one apprentice, one official in charge of the renewal of contracts, three officials in charge of the renewal of contracts (one of these three was an apprentice), eight lower-ranking officials in charge of the local office, and eight lower-ranking officials in charge of the local office.

Designation of the Imari Market
From the Bunka era (1804-1818), there was a need to unify the control of the sale of ceramics, and it was ordered that all domestic-style pottery should be traded at the Imari Market. It was also decreed that, due to special circumstances, it would not be permitted to trade elsewhere without permission. Of course, even before this, Imari ware had already become famous, and the prosperity of the Imari market had already reached a certain level.

Osaka warehouse
In 1805, the Saga clan announced that Arita ware produced in Hizen Province would be sold exclusively in Osaka.　Until then, the ware was transported to a residence in Dojima 5-chome (formerly the Kashima clan’s residence) in Osaka, and the clan’s envoy would then wholesale it to 29 ware storekeepers (Osaka’s silver masters), who would collect 5% of the sales and then wholesale it on to middlemen and small retailers.

Kato Tamikichi comes to Izumiyama
In the third year of Bunka (1806), Kato Tamikichi of Seto came to Izumiyama to study the construction method of round kilns and the firing method of reducing flames under the direction of Tsutsumi Sōzaemon, the kiln builder. This was an important acquisition for him while he was learning the pottery making method.

Kumakichi Miyata came
In the third year of Bunka (1806), the Kyoto potter Kumakichi Miyata came to Arita and learned the Arita ware production method. Prior to this, in 1692, Hirokichi (Kanya) Waki, the son of Hachirodayu, a retainer of the Ogi clan in Ogaki, Mino, studied under the potter Kameya Uemon on Gojozaka in Kyoto and opened his own pottery However, by the time he reached the fourth generation, he was struggling to start the production of porcelain in his later years, and he and Ogata Shuho conspired to send his student Kikuma (also known as Kumakichi) to infiltrate Arita Sarayama to investigate the production method for white porcelain.

Shimizu Hakuyō
After working for several years as an apprentice to a potter in Arita, he returned to Kyoto having mastered the entire process. He was greatly praised for his achievements, and Kikyu succeeded him as the second Kitei. From this point on, master potters such as Shuhei Ogata, Michiiri Takahashi, Rokubei Shimizu, and Yosobei Mizukoshi began to produce blue and white porcelain using Amakusa stone, and the fame of Kiyomizu-yaki spread.

Nomi Kutani ware
In 1807, Honda Teikichi, a potter from Hizen Shimabara, was staying at the home of Hayashi Hachie, the village headman (nami) of Wakasugi Village (Nomi County) in Kaga Province, when he discovered a flower in the village of Hanasaka, and recommended it to Hachie, who borrowed the funds from the feudal lord Maeda and built an Arita-style round kiln to start the Nomi Kutani ware. However, five years after its establishment, Sadakichi died (or, according to some accounts, he died on April 6th, 1819 at the age of 54). At this time, the Arita potter Yujiro Sanda (formerly from Imari) arrived, and the red pattern of Wakasugi was completed.

The Ishiba mining dispute, a branch of the Kanagae family
In 1807, the village headman Kiyogoe Kanagae and Tokujiro Fukuda, a retainer of the Taku clan, had a dispute over the right to mine the Ishiba area, and both submitted complaints to Takumi Mimasaka Shigetaka. The two families originally came from Kiyogozakumon, the second son of Ri Sanpei, and are a branch of the Kanagae family (see the above-mentioned brief family tree of the Kanagae family).
The reason is that, from the ancestor Seigozaemon, they were allowed to control the extraction of stones from the stone pit, and they inherited this special right from generation to generation, but Tokujiro’s father, Yojie, was the son of the previous generation’s Kuzaeemon, and he was adopted into the family In response to the claim that the son of Kōjibē should inherit this right, Seigohei’s petition states that he was younger than his uncle Yōbei, and that he usurped the hereditary right to rule while his uncle acted as his guardian.

The head family of Kinkagae moved to Hekoba
The head family of Kinkagae, Sanbei, had been manufacturing their products in Tengudani, Kamishirakawa until the fourth generation, but when the fifth generation, Sota, moved to Kamishirakawa, he handed over the house in Kamishirakawa to his fellow family member, Manuemon Kinkagae (the house was built by Sanbei’s father, Hansaburo, who lived in the Meiji era , which had been built by his father, was passed on to Shinichi Imaizumi, and the kilns were moved to Hekoba, where they were already in decline. The following the next sentence also states that “after the fifth generation Sōdaiyu burned down the kiln and stopped working as a potter, he started working as a painter and passed away”, and it is stated that he had a difficult life.
Especially in the time of the first In the time of the first Sanbei, he built the Hekoba kiln as a kiln for hire from Kamishirakawa, but in later generations, it became difficult to run the business, and the kiln was passed on to others. This fifth the fifth generation Sota died while working as an artisan at the Kakiemon kiln in Minamigawara in his later years, and his grave stone was erected on December 19th, 1779 in the Sakaita family graveyard as Kanagae Sanbei. I think it seems that he changed his name to Sanbei before he died, and even the descendants of such a famous family cannot help the rise and fall of the changing times.
At the time, the descendants of Sanbei made a meager living as picture book craftsmen, but they got involved in the aforementioned family dispute and ended up submitting the following petition to Takayoshi Taku.

Kanagae Kane-ga-e Petition
I humbly submit this petition to testify to the history of my ancestors.
My ancestors ancestors, when the great warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi was conquering Korea in the Keicho era, your two lords (Naoshige and Katsushige) went there and, when they were making various efforts to raise funds, they were guided by a man named Naoshige, who was marching along the mountain path without knowing where it was going. . As we saw three small houses in the distance, we asked the people who came from the house if they could tell us the way. We asked them to name the three people from the house, but we could not understand them even though we tried to communicate with them using gestures and other means. . After that, when the Korean army was returning home, they called the Tang Chinese guide who had shown them the way to the shipyard and gave him a reward. They also asked him his name and the name of the place where he lived, and asked him what he did to make his living. I have been making pottery since ancient times. If you can guide me along the mountain path, I would like to go to Japan to continue my family business. I have been entrusted with the care of the people who were with you when you left for the war and returned home. I have temporarily placed them in the Arita area at a place called “Ranbashi”, and I will take care of them as I do with the people in my family business. However, the Chinese person is not there, and I have heard that he is living in the area of Kanae in the Korean province of Koryo.
At that time, people from the area of Sarayama , there was a house called Tanakamura in the mountains, and the farmers there were living in harmony, but then the Chinese people gradually started to appear, and now they are looking around the Izumiyama area for pottery. The first person to make pottery was a man called Mizuki, who built a kiln in the Shirakawa Tengu Valley. His descendants gradually prospered, and The lord of the place was so pleased with the work that he ordered more potters to be sent from Choshu, and the potters and their families began to settle in the area. The potters and their families began to settle in the area. The potters and their families began to settle in the area. The potters and their families began to settle in the area. The potters and their families began to settle in the area. The potters and their families began to settle in the area. The potters and their families began to settle in the area. The potters and their families began to settle in the area. The potters and their families began to settle in the area. The potters and their families began to settle in the area. The potters and their families began to settle in the area. The potters and their families began to settle in the area. The potters and their families began to settle in the area. The potters and their families began to settle in the area. The potters and their families gradually became prosperous, and there were even about a hundred kilns in the area around the middle of the village. After that, the kilns were moved to various places in the village, but the remains of the hundred kilns can still be seen in the fields.
One of the ancestors of the three who had three children. The original Kanegae was a man named Kanegae, and all those who called themselves Kanegae were descendants of him. There were several people who were chosen to work in the pottery industry, but none of them were related to the Kanegae family. was summoned to become a retainer of the lord of the manor, and was given a stipend. This year, the first of the earth pits was opened, and under the supervision of Sanbei, the earth was gradually dug out and the pit was enlarged to a group of forty people. . The last time we were able to collect the earth was at Obon, and we were only able to collect the earth at the cost of the wages of the workers who were digging it up. The reason for this is that the people who are currently working in the kilns are not the same as the people who worked in the kilns in the past, and so the earth from the kilns in Hieko-yama has not been collected. due to a lack of care, the head of the kiln was appointed to the position of head of the kiln, and the position of head of the kiln was passed down from generation to generation, from the original founder to the sixth generation, and at times, due to the poor economic climate for pottery, etc. the kilns also rose and fell, and by the time of the fifth Sōdai, the kilns had collapsed and the pottery-making had stopped. After that, Sanbei and the others continued to make a living by doing other work, such as painting, but wages fell and many of them became impoverished.
The same thing happened to the I would like to know what the outcome of the dispute over the land has been. In recent years, there have been disputes between the people of Kiyo Gohei and Yoji Hei over the land, and both sides have appealed to the authorities. I would like to state that, as I have stated before, when my ancestor Sanpei first cleared the land, he was given the land to rule over as a gift, and so it was supposed to be my family’s land alone. However, as the years have passed, each family has come to think of it as their own, and I believe that this is where the misunderstanding lies. As I have stated, the land was given to the kiln for the sake of its prosperity. As a reward, the Choshu clan also gave us a seal, which is clear evidence of the matter. As for the matter of the head family and the declining fortunes of the family, there was a great deal of arguing, and it was most inappropriate. Kiyo Gohei and Yohei were originally brothers, and even after their deaths, they were not separated. I would like to request that, in the future, there be no more disputes over the use of the paths. In the past, the original path was controlled by a certain person, and it was handed down from generation to generation. was originally entrusted to the person in question, and so we have been working hard to maintain the town group’s strength year after year. We are grateful for the support we have received, and we hope that our family name will not fall into ruin. I have been asking for your support up until now, and I am very grateful for your kindness. However, I have no intention of continuing to do so, so I am writing to inform you of this. (I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you to consider the matter and give it your careful consideration. I beg you Kanae Sanbei
Kanae Sota
Same, Sanbei’s elder brother
Kanae Kyushiro
Nagato, in the service of the lord, announces the decision

Ishibakou branch Judgment on the distribution of rights
In September of the sixth year of Bunka (1809), after an investigation and examination of the aforementioned lawsuit over control of the Ishiba pit, the petition of Sotayu was not accepted by the Taku family. Furthermore, as the petition of Fukuda Tokujiro Jiro’s petition was not considered, and both the Sakai-moto and Shiro-tsuchi pits were taken away and given to Kanga-e Seigohei to manage.

Increase in the number of kiln-firing proxy cards
November 1809 In November of the sixth year of Bunka (1809), the number of kiln-firing name-cards was increased, and the total number was set at 220.
In the seventh year of Bunka (1810), a new kiln was built in Otaru. However, the number of kilns built in the past was insufficient for the production of pottery, so it was expanded.

Invention of the Gokushin-yaki
In the eighth year of Bunka In June of the 8th year of Bunka (1811), Kihei of the Tsuji family invented a firing method called Gokushin-yaki. He had been making pottery for the Imperial Household since the 3rd generation, and was always thinking about how to improve his craft, but one day, when he was taking the pottery out of the kiln, he tripped over some of the pottery in the room and fell over. When he broke it open and , he found that the small vessels that had been fired inside were as clear and translucent as jade, and this gave him the idea for a new firing method.
This method involves making a separate outer container out of the same white clay as the vessels to be fired, placing the vessels inside, sealing them up, and then applying a glaze to seal them. is a special method of firing in a completely airtight container. because it is not directly exposed to the flames, the glaze and even the colors of the Wuzhou pigments are fired to perfection.
When the piece is fired, the outer casing is broken with a hammer, and at this time a sound is made and the smell of hydrogen sulfide is released. The resulting piece the vessels that were produced, even if the glaze was thin, they were free from the scorching of blue and white porcelain, and they were smooth and glossy, and they were called “Kyokushin-yaki”. From this point on, all the vessels used by the Imperial Household were made with this special method.

Devotion to the production of goods for the Imperial Household devotion to the production of goods
The raw materials used by the Shōtsuji family were carefully selected from the best quality magnetite, known as the “official mine”. Also, during the careful production the design of the imperial crest, even the slightest brush stroke is not allowed to be missed, or in the polishing of the pure gold of the imperial crest, agate is used to gradually polish and grind, so it is not unusual for even the polishing of a single imperial crest to take a whole day.
Also, when it comes to the final When polishing the surface of the finished piece, there is a careful inspection of the cup to check that no impurities are mixed in with the surface of the vessel, which is done through a magnifying glass. Thus, even if there is a single spot on the glazed surface Even if there is a single spot (a small dent) on the glazed surface, it cannot be repaired, so all of these defective pieces were broken up. However, in later years, the family crest was painted on the surface and they were used by the family.

Hyakuta Tatsujyu of the balance
In the Bunka era (1804-1818), Izumiyama potter Tatsujyu Momota invented a two-tiered balance stacking method. The conventional kiln stacking method involved using a platform called a hama as a base, and arranging the pieces to be fired in a single layer inside the kiln. This was a long-established practice from the time of pottery has been a long-established practice since the days of pottery firing, and when you think about it now, it really was a false practice.
Therefore, small plates were fired with three or four marks on the bottom, bowls and bowls with five or six marks, and large vessels with about nine marks. Next, the glaze on the glaze on the bottom was scraped off in a snail-shell pattern similar to the foot ring, and the pieces were stacked on top of each other. If you look for the remains of old kilns, you can find plates that are five or six layers thick. This was the stacking method that was used until the porcelain period.
However, if you remove this If we abandon this stacking method, there is no other way than to line up the pieces one by one, so Tatsujyu regretted the inefficiency of this stacking method, and as a result of his day and night of effort, he finally came up with a two-tiered balance stacking method. It is a large a large pillar is placed on the ground, and a large platform is placed on top of it to create a single step, and then a pillar is placed in the center of the platform, and another platform is placed on top of that to create two steps, and it can still be stacked on the ground, so it becomes a three-step pile.
Since this balance stacking method, it became possible to increase the loading efficiency by several times compared to the conventional method. This invention is a remarkable event in the history of ceramics, and if this basic idea is established, it will lead to the development of the second stage of the box-shaped bowl stacking method and the rack assembly method. In short Tatsujyu was later awarded for his great contribution to the development of this art.

Ichiro Fukami’s Garanseki
Later, this two-tiered structure was developed into a three-tiered structure, with a large bowl always placed on top. Next, this On top of the two layers of hama, small hama are placed with small tochimis arranged on top, and using the height difference, they are stacked in a spider’s web pattern. It is said that the idea for this garan-tsumi was devised by Ichiro Fukami, the eighth generation of the Fukami family.

The water mill on the Arita River water mills
As I have mentioned many times, the topography of the Arita-sara mountain area was developed into a valley and industrial area, and there are many differences in elevation between the different areas. The water from the Toshigawa and Ishiba streams, together with the water from the Nakatsuru stream, flows into the main river, which then joins the clear waters of the Shirakawa River and flows through the area to the west. The Iwayagawa flows between the sheer cliffs, and becomes the deep pool of the Sarugawa River, where many water mills were set up to crush magnetite.

A water mill is is a device that uses a balance to place a square timber about four meters long on a fulcrum, and then creates a water tank at the top of the timber and attaches a pestle to the bottom, so that when the water from the mountain stream flows into the water tank, it tilts and spills out. At the same time, the pestle is a kind of mortar that grinds the ingredients inside the mortar. large type is large enough to hold 350 kg of raw stone at a time.
The Sarukawa also joins the main stream, and here it turns north and becomes the Arita River, which flows into Imari. Going back in time starting with Kitanoya, Nakatsuru and Shirakawadani, water mills were set up one after another, with weirs built at each gradient, and if you take a stroll on a fine night, you can hear the sound of the water mills grinding away, breaking the moonlight , and the clear sound of the river frogs’ symphony, but now these hundreds of water mills have been replaced by stamp-type mills that run on electricity, and only the remains of them remain in the area.

Arita and Imari
Imari-machi is a port town at Kaizu, where the Arita River flows into the sea, and is considered to be the most important port in the region, as it is a market for Arita ware. ware wholesalers and consignment wholesalers, and the area became known as Arita-cho.
The road from Arita to Imari The road from Arita to Imari leaves the eastern end of the Izumiyama stone pit, passes through Mizuo and Miyano in Kushima County, then through Okawachi Village, and finally enters the outskirts of Imari, descending through Kanaya in Otsubo Village. On the other hand, there is also a route that leaves the western end of Arita, Iwayagawachi , passing through Sotobu in Arita Village, and then passing through the three villages of Magari, Oyama and Niri, before descending at the junction of Koko and entering the Shimodoi area of Imari.

The Imari ware products for the domestic market, including those from Arita Uchiyama and even those from Ootoyama, were transported through the Imari market, and so the generic name for Hizen porcelain came to be known as Imari ware. Until around 1897 , middlemen from Arita and the surrounding area (many of whom were Akakusaya) would consign samples to wholesalers in Arita-machi, Tatemachi and Hamamachi, and then deal with customers from all over the country.

In later years, the Nagasaki Line was opened to Arita-Sarayama, the customers who had traditionally gathered in Imari came directly to the production area of Arita, and on the other hand, the local Arita middlemen brokers from Arita have all been developing sales outside the prefecture by train, or have set up branches in key locations and are now trying direct sales.
From this point on the prosperity of the area reached its peak, and the pottery district of Imari was completely exhausted. It was the home of the Oono pottery wholesalers, and it was inevitable that the area would present a similar appearance to Takeyacho in Nagoya as the times changed. From now on, I think that the only way to go is to dredge the bay and make it into a fishing port. However, in the past, everything were loaded at Imari and shipped out in large numbers by sailboat and steamer to the Keihan region and as far north as the Hokuriku region and Shikoku. Therefore, at a time when white porcelain was not yet being produced in Japan, Imari ware was used as a synonym for porcelain.
This was the same as how used the term “China” as a synonym for porcelain, and the term “Japan” as a synonym for lacquerware. In the same way, when we admire the characteristics of old products products, the name “old Imari” was given to old Imari ware, just as the term “old China” is used to refer to old Chinese products.

Old Imari
A single piece The term “Ko-Imari” refers to all Arita ware products, regardless of whether they are underglaze blue or red, that display the local color unique to Arita ware, and that were produced during the period from the Kan’ei era to the beginning of the Meiji era, when pure Gozu ware was being applied. However, the Nabeshima style of Okawachi Nabeshima style and the Kakiemon style of Minamigawara, they must be completely separated in terms of the style of the patterns.

Arita ware kiln marks
Originally, Koimari was the beginning of designs that imitated the style of Chinese works. Therefore, even if it is said that it was made Japanese , there are many designs that are very similar to them. Also, many of the kiln marks use Chinese years. However, this does not mean that they are in accordance with the works of the year in question, but rather that they were all entered in a haphazard manner.

The reason for the year entries
or rarely, there are some that have the year of our country entered, but there are some that use the year of astronomy or civilization before the beginning of porcelain. Among them, there are some that are extremely there were even some that said they were made in the Wado era. These seem to be the result of kiln owners who were ignorant of the fact that they were making ancient-style pottery, and who made mistakes in the year they made them.
There are also quite a few examples of Chinese-style auspicious characters on the kiln marks, such as “Fukuju”, “Fuki Choushou” and “Shourui”. The Arita ware are all composite works of various crafts, so it is difficult to express the individuality of each piece, and therefore the idea of the craftsmen writing their own names on their works is very weak.
Only the Nabeshima ware pottery is recognizable at a glance, even without a signature, and it shows a unique transcendence. Even the great potters of this period mainly used Chinese-style signatures, but there are also many that are unsigned. In addition, for potters of medium or lower ability pottery makers would leave it to the painters to write the name of the potter, and it seems that they thought it was enough to use Chinese characters for Western-style pottery.

Matsudaira name
When using this name When using the same character as the name of a feudal lord or superior at the time, it was considered a taboo and the name was changed, even if the same character was used, the character was always changed. When the name of the potter potter Matsumoto Heisakumon was summoned to the magistrate’s office and severely reprimanded for having used the name Matsudaira, which is the surname of the shogunate, and was forced to change the name.
Among the classic characteristics of Koimari Among the classic characteristics of Koimari, the most gorgeous is the Nara-style Kinrande with its red glaze that stands out. There is also a splendid Kinrande that imitates the Ming-style red jade. This Kinrande began with Kakiemon imitating Chinese red powder, and then it was exported overseas by the hands of the Dutch and Hizen Jirozaemon, and later it even came to be prized in China, the home of porcelain.

The world’s best porcelain
In Europe, where porcelain had not yet been produced, it was greatly admired, and the old Imari ware displayed in the museums of Dresden in Germany and Amsterdam in the Netherlands was praised as the world’s finest porcelain at the time. When it was banned from being exported overseas was banned, Arita ware developed greatly as a domestic product, attracting wholesalers from all over the country to Imari, and leading to the conclusion of large-scale transactions.

Selection method
The method of trading The method of trading was that, first of all, the kiln-fired ware was sold to a middleman, and then the average quality of the selected items was determined, and one item that was slightly superior to the others was selected and used as a sample, and the selection was written up in three stages in dark ink and traded. The person who made this selection is an authoritative specialist occupation.
The formula for the three-tiered selection formula is to multiply the first-stage selection by 10, the second-stage selection by 7, and the third-stage selection by 5, and then to consider this average selection to be 8/6 scoops, and to also allow for a small deduction for breakage and other selection losses. grade, the selection of the nine-tenths of the product may be given priority over the selection of the first grade.

Numerical notation
Also, numerical The notation is a very complicated system, with six digits for the number of units (1, 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, 100,000), and the Chinese characters used are the Suzhou numerals.

Wholesale dealers’ sales areas field
Wholesale merchants who were large-scale purchasers, or customers, would come to Arita, for example from Echigo (Niigata Prefecture) or Osaka (Osaka Prefecture), and purchase from the wholesalers commissioned by the Arita middlemen. At first, the three main areas of Kii, Chikuzen and Echigo were designated, with Kishu customers wholesaling the Edo Kanshu region, Chikuzen customers wholesaling the Kyoto Settsu and Gokai regions and Echigo customers wholesaling the Hokuriku region , but over the years, this exclusive territory began to loosen, and in later years, powerful wholesalers from Osaka, Tokyo, Tosa, Etchu, Izumo and Nagato began to arrive.

Kishu Customers
At first, the Kishu customers, with the power of the three great domains, opened up the Edo market for Arita ware as a product of their own domain, Oyama, and came to occupy a great deal of the commercial rights. This issue of ownership gave rise to much debate among the various clans, but in the end it was decided to allow it to continue for the time being as a means of expanding sales (the reforms made by Hyakutake-gun governor in later years are discussed in the latter part of this article).

Imari wholesalers
If a business deal is concluded with a customer for a sample entrusted by an Arita middleman, the entire shipment is promptly transported from Arita. Some of the samples were unfinished pieces with decorative designs on them, and these were called “green-field sales”. Even if they were a type of dish, there were several decorative designs on display, and depending on the customer, there were also trials to see which would be the most suitable, so it was not just a matter of the material itself.
The goods that had been ordered were packed by the packers at the wholesaler’s, and the large items were tied in bundles, while the small, top-quality items were packed in oil barrels, but generally they were packed in straw bags or small bundles. The contents of each bale were written on a wooden tag given by the customer and attached to the outside of the bale, and the bales were transported to various locations by shipping agents. The number of items packed in a bale has changed somewhat since then, but the number of items packed in a bale today is roughly as follows.

Number of pieces packed
Plates and bowls
2 shaku (approx. 59.5 cm) – 2
8 shaku (approx. 27.5 cm) – 4
15 shaku (approx. 45.5 cm) – 7
13 shaku (approx. 38.5 cm) – 12
12 shaku (approx. 36.5 cm) – 15
10 shaku (approx. 29.5 cm) – 25
9 shaku (approx. 26.5 cm) – 30
8 shaku (approx. 23.5 cm) – 50
7 shaku (approx. 21.5 cm) – 60
6 shaku (approx. 18.5 cm) – 80
100 small plates
150 medium-sized dishes
150 small dishes
200 small dishes
Bowls (with lids)
75 bowls
40 bowls
60 lids
120 teacups
140 teacups
215 teacups
50 teacups
21 sets of tea utensils for low-grade tea
Bowls
4 sets of large bowls
5 sets of 9-inch bowls
6 sets of 8-inch bowls
10 sets of 7-inch bowls
12 sets of 6-inch bowls
Fire bowls
1 bowl over 8 shaku in size
2 bowls 5 shaku in size
2 bowls 3 shaku in size
3 bowls 2 shaku in size
Shaku-guchi (15 cm) – 4
Hachi-sun (24 cm) – 6
Roku-sun (18 cm) – 12
Go-sun (15 cm) – 20
Vases (small lids and bodies)
Nishaku (30 cm) – 2
Shakuhachi-sun (24 cm) – 2
Shakugo-sun (18 cm) – 2
Shakuni-sun (12 cm) – 4
Hachi-sun (24 cm) – 6
Nan-sun (18 cm) – 9
Gokushaku-sun (36 cm) – 18

Toji and kiln management
The pottery kilns were owned by a series of Toji, who would allocate and lend the kilns to individual potters, and many of these Toji were influential potters. There were also people who owned climbing kilns but were not potters themselves, and those who controlled these types of climbing kilns were called “kiln masters”. The kiln masters would provide the potters with the funds they needed to produce their wares, and the potters would leave everything up to the kiln masters, from the firing of the kiln to the sale of the finished products , and the kiln owner would receive the remainder after deducting the kiln rental and the principal and interest on the kiln preparation money. There were also cases where the kiln owner would receive only the kiln rental and pay the kiln owner after the firing was complete, and then the kiln would be unloaded.

Careful inspection of the kiln
Some people would rent a kiln of one or two tatami mats, while others would share a half-tatami mat-sized kiln between two people. In short, the firing of the kiln was done in a chain-like manner, and the date for lighting the kiln was fixed and could not be changed. Therefore, each time the firing was called into question, everyone gathered at the master’s house to confirm the firing date, sign a pledge not to go back on their word, and this was called the “firing joint seal”. For this reason, it was not uncommon for those who were late in loading the kiln to be covered in soot and smoke, choking on the smoke billowing out of the kiln.

Ownership of the climbing kiln in sections
There were also cases where the climbing kiln was owned in its entirety by one person, and then divided into sections and owned by several people. For example, the Higashi-nobori (Otaru kiln) was owned by Kawahara Zen’uemon (also known as Zenpachi), and numbers 1 to 6 were small kilns, numbers 7 to 9 were medium-sized kilns, and numbers 10 to 24 were large kilns. Of these 24 rooms, room 13 was owned by Iwao Gunbei (Kentarou’s father), room 11 was owned by Fujii Keishichi (Kentarou’s father), and each of these kiln owners was given a certificate of ownership for each room, similar to a share certificate. One of these is shown on the left.

Certificate of ownership for the kiln
Toto Fumikamisenjō
No. 10, Daisen Zen’u Kōmon
One large kiln
The owner of the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right to use the right
The above is to say that the right potter has been changed and is now far away.
Yohbee Mori
The above is to say that the right potter has been changed and is now far away.
Furthermore, the following is written on the reverse side
The above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that the above is to say that

Chinese medicine
In later years, the development of pigments and fluxes in Arita was something to see, but as we did not have access to the high-quality natural products in Japan, we had no choice but to import them from China. Therefore, it was called “Chinese medicine” and was considered important, and after the Meiji Restoration, Eizaburo Fukagawa of the eighth generation sent Koichi Tashiro to Nagasaki to purchase large quantities of it, but in later years it was sold exclusively at the Toraya confectionery in that area. The Kamakura-style porcelain of that time, which was so finely colored that it looked like hair, has now disappeared.

The Rise of Kiyama Ware
In the third year of Bunka (1806), the Saga Domain heard that Kiyama ware had been created in Nagasaki, and they feared that this would lead to the production of imitation Arita ware, which would in turn damage the industry in the Hizen Province. the kilns and even the red-paint shops were closely controlled at this time to prevent the leaking of secrets and the embezzlement of artisans, but in the meantime, artisans from other countries learned the techniques using various clever methods.

Nobuhisa Narimatsu
In December of the 12th year of Bunka (1815), Nobuhisa Narimatsu, who had been appointed as the Arita Sarayama magistrate, established a system for classifying the products of the kilns, and trained the potters to such a degree that they were unrivalled by their counterparts in other kilns, while at the same time ensuring that each kiln retained its own unique characteristics. At the same time, it was strictly ordered that the style of the products of the Okawachi domain kilns should not be infringed. For example, the style of the footed plates, such as the shape of the comb teeth and the pattern of the plum blossoms scattered over them, or the style of the tea bowls with the clear-cut spring orchids painted on them.

Each product category was assigned to a specific mountain.
Namegawara was responsible for molded rice bowls, Sotoyama and Kuromuta for molded square bowls and small oval dishes, Hirose for gargling bowls and octagonal bowls, Ouhou for sake bottles and small bottles, and Ichinose for hexagonal bowls, etc. This system was also applied to Arita Uchiyama, with Izumiyama, Kamikohira and Nakatsuru designated as serving dishes, Ohtaru as bowls and pots, Shirakawa, Kohira and Hekoba as flower vases and Iwayagawachi as braziers and bento boxes.

The protection of the Arita-Sarayama pottery by the feudal clan
The protection of the kilns by the feudal clan was very thorough. As for fuel, the Oyama-kata government office set up a system for cutting down trees, and the kilns were paid a small amount of money for their requests. In addition, rice was allocated to the kiln masters each year, and the time for returning this was set at three times a year, and a large amount of rice was lent. Furthermore, during times of economic recession, money and grain were lent as manufacturing funds, either with no interest or with a low interest rate and annual repayment method.

Rice bales and New Year’s Day
The pottery kilns and the red-painted houses borrowed rice from the local government office every year, and on the first day of the year, they would hire their own employees, including painters, carpenters, rough carpenters, kama-takumi (pottery makers), and loaders, and were lent a rice bale each, and in addition to the advance payment for their one-year contract, these craftsmen would leave the rice bales in the dirt floor of our house and soak up the atmosphere of the New Year.
Other pottery merchants also borrowed money from this clan in later years, but many of them were unable to pay back their debts at the time of the Meiji Restoration. When the han system was abolished and prefectures established in July 1871, all the debts and credits of each han were inherited by the new government, and it is said that the Ministry of Finance had a bureau called the Bureau of Judicature (headed by Masatomi Kitadai), which was responsible for collecting the unpaid amounts over the next 40 years, but the details of how this was done are not known.

The kiln-makers’ families
All of the kiln-makers’ families were granted the same status as samurai, and were therefore allowed to build houses in the same style as samurai residences. This was probably partly to prevent outsiders from learning the kiln-making techniques. It goes without saying that the residence of the trading merchant Hisatomi Yohei, who was not a potter, had a special structure as the main inn for the feudal lord’s stay.
The Arita kilns were founded by a Korean, and even the Kanegae clan were given a small stipend as government officials, so there were not many people with such a prestigious name as in Owari or Mino. In later generations, there were also those who bought the samurai spirit of holding two swords as a great honor, and there were also those who did not have it at all.

The status of kiln workers and their retainers
There were also cases where a ronin from another province came to this area and bought a share of a kiln worker’s status again, or where someone who had a name to call their own settled for the status of a commoner. In the Ansei era (1855-1864), there were also potters who became sufficiently wealthy through paying large amounts of money. Those with the above-mentioned titles include: Tashiro Monzaemon Moriyoshi (a retainer of someone named “Kare”), Yamaguchi Iemon Nobuaki (a retainer of the Takeo clan), Fukagawa Eizemon Masada (retainer of Nabeshima Hidenosuke), Nakajima Gihei Hidesane (retainer of Murata Wakasa), Hirabayashi Ippei Tadaatsu (retainer of Isahaya Masuchiyo), etc.　In addition to the kiln workers, there were also people such as Kamachi Heikomon Chiharu (a retainer of the Murata Wakasa family), Shoji Taisuke Nobutaka (a retainer of the Taku Mimasaka family), and Kawahara Zenkomon Hayashi (a retainer of the Nabeshima Chiyo family).

Ohtaru’s kiln workers
Once they became kiln workers, they were allowed to use their family name, and there were many who became kiln workers. For example, even among the kiln-builders of Otaru, there were many who were kiln-builders in their own right, such as Yanagase Heizaemon (a vassal of Nabeshima Yasuho), Hayashi Iju (a vassal of Ureshino Yahei), Fujii Keishichi (a vassal of Fukaesukeukomon), Fujii Satao (a vassal of Narimatsu Shinbei), Mori Tsunekichi (a vassal of Nabeshima Yasuho), Mori Tatsujyu (a vassal of Kawasaki (servant of Kawasaki Tsurusuke (servant of Nabeshima Takunosuke) (servant of Morokuma Matsuzo (servant of Kamura Jihei) Among them, however, three people in particular, Ezoe Yoshikichi, Iwao Gunbei and Momotake Kōju, were serving as junior retainers for Nabeshima Aki.

Night work by artisans
At the time, it was still the era of using candles in paper lanterns, so many of the artisans who worked at night in the kilns lit their lamps with whale oil in short-handled lanterns. The craftsmen would make the first shaping of the pottery on the wheel in the daytime, and at night they would work on finishing touches and cutting the edges of the molded pieces with a sword-like tool. This earthen floor work also used half-tatami mats (single-person garden tatami mats). At the time, a tonpan (wooden shelf) was hung above the main beam of the house, so the tatami mats in this area were always white.

Sleeping and waking in the drawing room
Artists who commuted from a little distance would make a small pot in the brazier in the drawing room, make a bento lunch, and eat it, and when sleepiness came, they would just lie down and sleep, and when they woke up, it would be midnight and they would pick up their brushes again. It is probably because of this that he was able to create such exquisite designs, as well as patterns for printed books and calligraphy (Senjo).

In the quietness of the world
In short, outside the front of the kiln (before firing) and the front of the kiln (before firing), it is very quiet, and at night, listening to the sound of the car pot going further, the sound of the unfinished drying, the sound of the mortar grinding the medicine, or the slow sound of the water mill, the owner’s kiln burning stirred up the paper lantern light, and the only bothersome task was to calculate the rice money for the next day (the money given to the craftsmen on the fifth and tenth days), and in this quiet world, free from the noise of trains, cars and planes, the production of these classic old Imari wares continued.

The materials and the elaborate
coloring of the red glaze used in the Raku ware was achieved by firing copper sulfate for five or eight years, without using any red pigment. Also, the way the clay was prepared for the pottery was made by grinding the clay into a fine powder, and after half a year or so, the yellow-colored clay was used, so it had a rich adhesive quality. Also, when applying the glaze was applied by placing the vessel on the potter’s wheel and repeatedly painting it with a large brush, and the deep, subdued color produced by this thick glaze was a characteristic of old Imari ware.

Drying dried wood
The fuel used to fire the bisque kiln was made from a mixture of wood and other materials, but the fuel used for the main firing (called “taragi”) was made from pine trees that had been dried and then smoked over with pine needles to give them a particular color. there was a time when they would be raised up in the passage between the kilns (the passageway between the kilns) and allowed to dry out, but because of the worry of fires going out from time to time, this is now rarely done. Also , the women of the neighborhood would each take a thin knife and a hand towel and remove the bark, before it withered, and take it away to use as firewood.

Firing the kiln When firing large pieces in the bisque or red-painting kilns, they would burn them for two or three days using either green wood or dead wood, but this was to prevent the kiln from breaking the pottery by increasing the heat at once. the most important part of the manufacturing process is how to fire the kiln, and just as a boatman knows the habits of a boat, a coachman knows the habits of a horse, and a gunner knows the habits of a gun, it is necessary to know the fire-circulation habits of each kiln . From the initial kneading firing to the attack firing, the raising fire and the raising and viewing (color viewing), this requires a great deal of skill.

Even for any work of art, the firing method, which is the endpoint of the production process, is the most important of a thousand. Therefore, even among the artisans of this industry , even among the artisans, those who were most proud of their kiln firing, and if, during the firing, they were served a slightly inedible side dish, they would eat it without hesitation.

Learning the craft
There was no fixed period of apprenticeship for learning how to draw pictures or how to write, and many of the apprentices commuted from home, but in order to become proficient in the art of pottery, they had to serve an apprenticeship of seven years at a pottery. Even then, first few years, I was only allowed to work as a handyman and rarely got to use the wheel. After this period, I had to continue working for another year as part of my apprenticeship, and it was only in my eighth year that I became a full-fledged potter and was able to leave the house.
From then on, wages were fixed, and he was to commute from his parents’ home. It was customary for all workers to arrange their employment for the following year by New Year’s Eve, and to borrow some money as a contract fee.

Borrowing money
The repayment of this loan was divided into four installments: the Doll’s Festival in March, the mountain-climbing in June, the Feast of the Gods in September, and the New Year’s Eve in December. The repayment was made in equal installments from the rice allowance on the fifth or tenth day of the month.

Mountain-climbing
From the first day of From the first day of the sixth month, it is called “mountain climbing”, and each craftsman takes a break from work for about five or six days, holding a banquet, going on a hot-spring cure, or going on a pleasure cruise, etc. This is a yearly pleasure for them. Although it is not known exactly when this custom began, it is already too late to see the flowers, and it is not the season for an autumn outing. I think that it was originally held during the cherry blossom viewing season, but due to the busy manufacturing season at the time, it was moved to the second accounting period.

Worshiping the Shrine
The mountain climbing in Arita is no different from the Hiuraku dance in Uchida Kuromuta and Odaishi, and is a type of entertainment. If you are looking for a suitable place for a drinking party in the hills of Sarayama, the first place that comes to mind is the Kannonden at Hekoba. On a rock under the pine trees here, there is an old stone pagoda with a roof, and on the front is an inscription saying “Shrine”, and below that, on the right, is an engraving of the Kanagae family, and on the left, the Fukami family.
At the time, the widow of Soden underneath, the widow of the Soden family moved from Uchida and opened a pottery, and Ri Sampei also came from Kamishirakawa to make pottery here. Therefore, at that time many Koreans erected a small pagoda on this spot to worship their ancestors, and even those new immigrants who could not suppress their homesickness would hold parties on this spot and perform the usual , and it is thought that this custom was passed down from generation to generation.

Carrying a load on one’s shoulders
Carrying pottery were all carried on the shoulders of the porters. In later years, large two-wheeled carts were used for transportation at the old sake brewery (Kawahara House), and as they were very convenient, they were modified into pottery carts by the blacksmith Torasuke Baba of Iwayagawachi. (This was also the time when the first self-propelled bicycles without rubber tires were being made in this region , even in the early days of the bicycle, before the invention of the pneumatic tire, his son, Torazo, made them. From the time that these transport carts were first used, the lower-quality items were pulled by oxen or people, with straw placed between them, but the higher-quality items were still carried on the shoulders of the carriers. The items were was covered with a net, stacked inside the basket, and then the net was covered over to protect the contents, and it was tied securely on top.

Calculating the weight of the load weight calculation
The load-carrying on the upper road started from the horse-riding area, and the central rest area was the tea house at the Sasaki Pass. The load-carrying on the lower road started from the Kurokawa area, and the central rest area was the tea house at the Karafune Pass. wholesale store, the load was weighed and the fee calculated and paid. The fee varied from time to time, but it was usually around 100 koku (100 kg) at 30 sen (a very cheap rate for a cart). were cheap), and there were also those who would hide a bento inside the load, increase the weight, and then take it out later to eat it. And there were not many people who became first-class merchants after this.

Nagasaki cargo transport transport
Nagasaki trade began in the Tempo era (1831-1845), and at that time, the cargo was sent over the Iwatoge Pass in Arita Village, past the Omura territory of Hasami, and reached Kawatana, from where it was taken by boat across Omura to Tsu. If there was a storm , they would anchor at Ikiriki to the east and then carry the cargo on their backs to Nagasaki, which was said to be 20 ri from Arita, making the journey in a single day. The boats usually had two oars, but in special cases they would add more rowers. were carried on the back of horses.

Korean-sounding nouns
There are some Korean-sounding nouns that have been passed down from the Korean people and are used in the pottery industry.
○Hama
A platform on which pottery is placed when firing in a kiln. To prevent the pottery from sticking to the surface, a layer of sand is applied to it. The small hama is placed under the stand, and the large hama is used as a platform for the balance. In Kagoshima, there is a children’s game called hama-nage, in which small pieces of wood are thrown at each other. I wonder if this game also originated from this kiln tool. I await the teachings of the learned.
Tochimi
Actually, it is called tochim is said to have originated from the word “tochi” (meaning “pillow”) and to have been corrupted from the original word “tou-tou-maki” (meaning “earthenware pillow”). It is also called “tachibana-tochimi” (meaning “balance tochimi”), and there are also two-tiered and three-tiered tochimi.
○Dugie
is a small tochimi that is used to carry small hama and chatsu. In Seto it is called “tsuku”. Or, it is thought that “dzugi” may be a corruption of the Japanese word for “doh-giri”, but this is unclear.
○Chatsu
A type of small hama, with a concave center. This is a tool for inserting into the foot of a bowl or other container and baking.
○Onzan
A series of This is an important adjustment for firing, as it is a hole through which many flames spout out between the kilns. It is also called the nest of onzan (warmth dispersal hole).
○Tonbai
This is a brick-shaped material used in building kilns, made from fire-resistant clay.
○Tonpan It is a hanging shelf with a plate on which the pottery is placed. The single-columned tonpan outside the house is a rack for drying in the sun.
○Oro
It is a rectangular, earthen kneading board built outside the house and placed under the multi-columned tonpan.
○Choppage
It is used for earthenware and