Kitajima Gengo’s move in the trade with Korea
On September 15th, 1820, the magistrate Narimatsu granted the rights to export pottery to Korea to Kitajima Gengo of Akae-machi.
Akae-machi Kitajima Gengo
As you have been entrusted with the sole responsibility for receiving orders for pottery to be exported to Joseon, if you receive an order from Ryūshū, you must send the pottery to the designated location for preparation. If, by any chance, you receive an order for pottery or goods, you must immediately report this to the authorities.
September 15th, 1820
Seimatsu Manbei, seal
From this point on, in the An’ei era (1772-1781), the Saga Domain, through the hands of the Tsushima Domain lord, was allowed to export Arita ware to Korea, and the domain lord, So, ordered the Imari pottery merchants pottery merchant in Imari, and the kilns were run by Kitajima Mankichi of Kojiroba and Kitajima Gengo of Akaito-machi, but Gengo came to be in sole charge.
Ban-shoki
This Korean-style tableware is a high-class product called ban-shoki (also written as “han-shoku-ki” or “juhachizoroi-o-shirokanefukuzenbu-tsu”), and consists of 32 pieces, including the lid, which can be used as a plate. The price of a set of ban-shoki with brocade decoration is usually between 80 yen and 100 yen, but there is very little demand for them at present.
Kitajima Gengo Tsunenori was one of the sixteen Akahideya craftsmen, and he passed away on October 27th, 1864.
Nari Matsudaika returns home after completing his term of office
In the 8th year of the Bunsei era, Nari Matsudaika Manbei Nobuhisa completed his term of office and returned to Saga. He was the grandson of Narimatsu Tōtōmi no Kami Nobukatsu, one of the Four Great Men, and at the age of 23 he became a probationary official at the clan’s council, and at the age of 38 in the 12th year of Bunka, he was appointed as the Arita Sarayama official, and he was known for his strictness in the Nihonji prison, his integrity and simplicity, and his ability to guide the people.
At the Arita Sarayama festival, it was customary to play a type of music called ukirazu during the procession. Therefore, in the ten districts of the Sarayama area, every district had a set of instruments, including seven or eight small and large gongs, tight drums, transverse flutes, and large drums, and they practiced hard, so that when the festival or rain-making ceremony came, they would play loudly and beat the drums.
Floating Dance Fighting
Of these, Kamihira was proud of the large gong carried by the twelve men, and Honohira was proud of the sound of the third gong, but Shirakawa was said to be the best at playing the music. Originally, the folk customs of this area were fierce, and when the two districts’ float festivals met on the way to a Shinto ritual or rain-making ceremony, the music suddenly became fast-paced and it was always decided that a big fight would break out.
When Nobuhisa first arrived in this area, he invited the village officials and ordered them to gather the performers from both districts and have them perform their dances, saying that he had heard that they would definitely fight when they met, and that he wanted to see it for himself. When the day came, Nobuhisa sat cross-legged in front of the stage and watched, and none of the performers fought until the music had finished. From this, it is said that the fighting at the Arita float festivals was greatly reduced. (In later years, in consideration of this kind of problem, the traditional two-district rotation of performing duties was changed so that each year one district would perform each year.
Nobuhisa himself repaired the office building
At the time, the finances of the clan were extremely poor, and the annual rice budget for the Sarayama Magistrate’s Office was only five koku. The roof of the office building was so badly damaged that it was no longer fit for work, but Nobuhisa himself came and cut down bamboo, inserted rope, and tied mats to keep out the rain and dew. He had nothing but the prosperity of the pottery industry and the welfare of the townspeople on his mind.
When Nobuhisa returned to his post, the people of Arita mourned his passing and built a shrine called Narimatsu-sha, but the stone was of poor quality and the shrine was destroyed. In 1890, a group of people got together to build a new shrine, and the stone for the new shrine was inscribed by Kenzo Yokoo. (The shrine was repaired in April 1913.)
The failure of exporting Tsushima ware to Korea
Around the 10th year of Bunsei, Inuzuka Kojuro and Yoshida of Tsushima, using the Tsushima clay they had discovered earlier as the raw material, hired artisans from Mikawachi to make porcelain, and planned to export it to Korea. However, by the 3rd year of Bunsei, , and they were unable to do anything about it. They tried everything they could think of, and they transported Mikawachi ware to Tsushima and planned to export it again as Ryu-shu ware. However, the special envoys from the feudal lords, Nakamura Zobei and Ito Chubei, who were stationed in Busan, tested the imported pottery and found it to be extremely fragile, so they banned it.
The Great Typhoon of the Year of the Rat
The unprecedented Great Typhoon of the year of the rat, on the 9th of the 8th month of the 11th year of Bunsei (1828), continued to blow until around 5 o’clock in the morning of the following day (8 o’clock in the morning), causing great damage from Kyushu to the Hokuriku region. According to the damage reports submitted by the various domains at this time, the Nabeshima clan of Hizen lost 310,000 koku, the largest amount of any domain, which was 90% of their total rice production.
Kaga’s 780,000 koku (80%), Sendai’s 430,000 koku, Higo’s 370,000 koku, Kurume’s 140,000 koku, Awa’s 170,000 koku (70%), Satsuma’s 410,000 koku, Echizen’s (six-tenths of the total) and Bizen (five-tenths of the total), and Choshu (four-tenths of the total), and Geishu (two-tenths of the total), and Chikuzen. It is possible to see how great the damage was by looking at the figures.
The disaster in the Saga domain The damage in the Saga domain was 7,711 cho (1 cho=109.09 m) of rice fields and 8,318 houses were destroyed, 35,364 houses were damaged, 1,512 houses were washed away, 1,647 houses were burned down, 2,832 ships were destroyed, 813 ships were washed away, 13,731 people were injured, 2,266 people drowned, and 7 people died. 1,647 houses were destroyed, 2,832 ships were wrecked, 813 ships were lost at sea, 13,731 people were injured, 2,266 people drowned, and 7,901 people died of other causes. At this time, the clan sent 300 koku of relief rice to the homes of the dead, and also gave them rice from the clan granary, which was sold at the average market price of 3 to in Chikuzen, Kurume and Yanagawa, and the price was set at 242/1000 of silver. The clan lord, Nariaki, also gave 3000 koku of relief rice from his own funds.
The Arita-Sarayama Mountain Range was completely destroyed by fire
On the 9th of this month, the Arita-Sarayama Mountain Range was completely destroyed by fire. From 9 o’clock in the morning (midday), a strong wind blew from the northeast, the sky was lit up with flashes of lightning, the ground shook, the wind direction changed to east-southeast, and a huge typhoon arose in the midst of the heavy rain. As the roof tiles were blown away like crows, the fire in the unglazed pottery kiln in the direction of Yamaguchimoriyoshi in Iwayagawachi blew out and became a large fire, burning Mt. Konpira.
The ferocity of the flames that quickly spread up the main street was such that even the townspeople, who were used to fire, were unable to do anything about it, and the whole mountain was in a state of pandemonium. As a result, only 40 houses in Iwayagawauchi, 100 houses in Shirakawa, and only a few houses were left standing, and the pottery town, which was known for its prosperity, was completely destroyed. The only things that survived the fire were a few sturdy earthenware kilns.
Furthermore, although the torrential rain caused rivers to overflow and flood, at the time there were no bridges, only stepping stones, and many temporary bridges were swept away, leaving people with no way to escape. Some people fled into kilns and some even managed to crawl into deep wells and barely escape with their lives, but it is said that the total number of people who died in the fire and from drowning was over 50. The majority of the 1,647 houses that were destroyed in the aforementioned domain statistics were, of course, in Sarayama.
The destruction of the family records
At this time, the roofs of all the climbing kilns were burned down, and only one remained in Shirakawa. At the Tsuji family, they lost all the gifts they had received from the Imperial Court, and the temples lost their past records, along with the Buddhist scriptures, and of course, the old utensils and rare treasures of the old families, as well as the family records, were all reduced to ashes, making it almost impossible to ascertain the exact historical facts from ancient times.
The thousands of poor people who were left homeless, with no clothes to wear and no food to eat, were in a desperate situation. Even though their relatives and acquaintances from neighboring villages did all they could to help, it was impossible to rescue all of them.
Shoji Shoji’s relief efforts
Shoji Shoji, the owner of the pawnshop in Iwayagawa (later the Sekijin residence) that was spared from the fire, lost 300 ryo in loans due to the fire, but he still gave away clothing, and also gave away all the household goods and 20 sacks of stored grain to the poor, and as a result his fortune was quickly exhausted.
Food distribution in front of the large kiln in the town of Shirokawa, where the remains of the charred wood from the large kiln in Togiyama were burned, there were always people standing around with their heads covered at night, and the wives of these people would be busy every night distributing rice balls or porridge to the people outside the gate. In the surrounding villages, there were many people who were inconvenienced by the fact that the vegetables and fruit from their fields were being destroyed by these poor people.
The scattering of Arita potters
Many of the potters were relocated to the mountains of the surrounding area after the disaster, and it is said that there were over 100 people relocated to the Oda Mountain area, and as a result, the quality of their products greatly improved. Just like the Great Kanto Earthquake, the residents of the downtown area moved to the Yamanote area, and since then the city has prospered to the point where there are no boundaries between the city and the surrounding area, and it has finally formed the great Tokyo city. The scattering of the Arita collapse potters formed a large group of Hizen ware in each mountain, and the distribution at this time may also be seen as nationwide.
Imari Town on the 9th did not suffer any particular damage, but the storm that hit on the night of the 23rd suddenly caused a high tide, and the tsunami that came in flooded the houses, injuring many people, but only a few thatched houses were destroyed.
The luxury of Arita ware pottery
At the time, there were differences in the number of workers employed by the pottery in Arita, and just as there were differences in the quality of the products, there were also differences in the qualifications of the workers, of course, but all of them were respected as masters by the workers, and they all had equal status and treatment. Therefore, regardless of the year’s harvest, they always lived in luxury in terms of food, clothing and housing, and this was called the Tōzan lifestyle.
Genuine compassion
The potters also treated the workers they employed as if they were family, looking after them not only at times of celebration and mourning, but also when they fell ill, and were truly compassionate. The workers also became familiar with the family of the kiln-owner, and if there was a heavy rainstorm while they were traveling, they would turn back from the road, worrying about the safety of the factory and kiln. In this way, some of them not only worked for ten or twenty years, but also thought that it was only natural to rely on the master for everything.
Haiku Poets and the Arts
In addition, there were many haiku poets who enjoyed the elegant arts in this area of clear water and beautiful mountains, and because the arts were so popular, it was said that no one in Arita was ignorant of haiku or renga. When a large theatrical troupe came to town, the kilns would take on the cost of the performance, and the artisans and other townspeople would be able to watch the play for a small admission fee.
The Pride of the Arita People
The potters who worked in the pottery industry were used to earning more than other tradesmen, and many of them learned from their masters and lived a lifestyle that was out of their social class. they competed with each other to wear the most beautiful clothes, and even the most expensive ceremonial robes were not spared. As Arita people, they took great pride in this, and so those who normally saved money were looked down upon by others.
When they encountered this disaster, it was like a fish in a pond that has been released from its watery prison, and it was truly a tragic situation. Of course, the feudal lord provided generous relief, but in the end, the many townspeople had no choice but to actively take the initiative and reform their way of life.
The wise decision of Takumo Sumi
The feudal lord, Nariaki, ordered Takumo Sumi, a councilor, to take good care of the relief of Sarayama. Sumi was the third son of Juro, and was only 18 years old at the time, but he was a genius who had been selected at the age of 16 to join the council of the clan in March of the 9th year of Bunsei (1826). After this great disaster, he foresaw the terrible famine that was sure to come, and took the bold decision to stop the brewing of sake in the domain. He also used this opportunity to order the Sarayama magistrate to eliminate the evils of the Arita customs, and to strictly enforce the prohibition of gambling.
At the time, the Sarayama did not possess any material that should be economized, and they were only able to stand on the basis of the notification, but in fact, this enforcement was carried out in the third year after the Saisho-so In May of the first year of Tempou (1831), the order for simple food was followed by the order for thrift in August of the same year, and the people of Sarayama, who had been eating and drinking to excess, were greatly awakened.
Compulsory simplicity
From this point on, the people of Sarayama, who were burning with a desire to recover from their lean years, were not allowed to show off their wealth at weddings, funerals and other ceremonial occasions, and the wearing of silk was banned, as was the use of gold, silver, jewels and other precious materials. At the same time, all forms of entertainment, including theatrical productions, were strictly prohibited.
In this way, there were many cases of brides being stripped of their silk kimonos or having their silver hairpins confiscated by the local government inspectors who were making their rounds at midnight. At other times, they would hide in the kiln while practicing the Jikyogen, and both the master and the judge would be locked up in the magistrate’s office for a night.
Exempt from contributions for the construction of a castle
In the 12th year of Bunsei (1829), the clan was in the process of
building the main keep of the Saga Castle after a fire at the time, but due to the fact that there was no harvest last autumn, they were aware of the difficulties of the general populace, and so, with regard to the construction of the castle, they issued a decree that contributions of money and rice would be accepted on an annual basis from the common people of the clan and the towns and villages of the surrounding area contributions and rice donations were accepted for the time being, but as it was felt that it would be difficult to receive the money at the moment, a decree was issued stating that it should be up to each individual whether or not to make a donation, and as a result, all donations from Sarayama were canceled.
Following the old system
The clan also lent money to help the Arita kilns recover, and did not arbitrarily change the system, but followed the old system and established 220 kiln representative cards, 16 red-paint shop representative cards, and 18 pottery merchant cards. The following is a letter from Kubota Kenzo, the governor of the Sarayama area at the time, to the Akahana merchants.
From the time of the request for the application of gold leaf to the Akahana merchants, it has been decided that you will be required to pay 30 mon (a unit of silver coinage) in silver every year, three times a year, in January, May and September.
August 1829, Kubota Kenzo
The sixteen Akaya families of the time were as follows.
Kitajima Gengo – Katsusuke, Akamachi, died on April 26th, 1862, the fifth generation, formerly known as Eisuke, haiku name Matsuo
Imaizumi Heibei – Sukegoro, 7th generation, Akae-cho, died on February 7th, 1843
Ushijima Genkuemon – Heuemon, Akae-cho, died on April 29th, 1853
Tanaka Koei – Choju, Akae-cho, died on March 21st, 1839
Tomimura Yoshikomon – Morisaburo, Akahenmachi, died on December 18th, 1835, and purchased the name card of Matsueda Imayoshi, formerly of the same town
Kitajima Shinobu Matsuo – Unokichi, Akahenmachi, died on July 12th, 1841
Kitajima Torakichi – Tachijiro, Akahenmachi, died on October 5th, 1847
Mitsuoka Kohei – Hisayoshi, Akahenmachi, died on June 20th, 1862
Furuta Tomokichi – Mosaburo, changed name to Ushirotsuji, Akamachi, died on June 28th, 1859
Fujishige Eikichi – Itazo, Motokouhei, died on June 6th, 1869
Kojima Kichibei – Tomikichi, Motokouhei, died on October 19th, 1831
Kawanami Usaburo – Ushinosuke, Motoyasu, died in October 1844
Karashima Yasuto – Kousuke, Otaru, died on August 23, 1842
Otsuka Matsutaro – Zaishiro, Shirakawa, died on November 14, 1875
Furuta Rikyukoumon – Moriyoshi, Hekoba, died on December 7, 1859
Nishiyama Kōju – Kōzō, Nakanohara, died on February 22, 1845
The financial plight of the domains
From this point on, the financial situation of the domains became extremely dire, and the samurai class and the people became decadent and idle, and consequently the trend towards luxury and dissipation grew. In response to the tight financial situation, a system of rice deliveries was introduced in 1823, but by 1828 the system had collapsed and Arita Konnojo and Naito Jukemon committed ritual suicide. In the same year, they issued red bills, which were non-negotiable han bills, but the great natural disaster in the eleventh year mentioned above caused them to go bankrupt.
The succession of Nariakira
Nariakira retired from his post, and on February 7th, 1831 (the first year of the Tempou era), the young and virtuous Nariakira (who had changed his name to Nariakira Masanao and taken the name of Kanso in the first year of the Bunkyuu era) was appointed as the new lord of the domain at the age of just 17. On the first day of the fifth month of the same year, he summoned the regent Nabeshima Jūzaemon Shigeyoshi (the lord of the Takeo domain) and ordered him to practice frugality, and at the same time he himself set an example of extreme simplicity, and he rebuilt the domain’s finances, encouraged diligence and thrift, and planned to promote industry, and in particular he focused his attention on the revival of the local Arita ware pottery industry.
It is likely that the financial difficulties of the lords at the time were not limited to the Saga clan alone. His Fukui clan’s Yuri Kimimasa brought Japanese habutae silk to Nagasaki and sold it directly to foreigners, and he managed to restore the clan’s finances by playing the abacus while wearing a kimono and obi and weighing the scales. Another example was when Date Munehiro (the father of Mutsu Munemitsu) of the Kishu clan produced a new type of fabric called Hachijo-shima, and transported it to a storehouse in Osaka, where it was worn by the famous actor Onoe Tamizo in a play, and sold on a large scale , and it was one example of how the financial situation of the clan was in dire straits. Therefore, it was also an urgent matter for the Nabeshima clan to encourage domestic production and use it to supplement their financial resources.
Receiving the Imperial Throne
In 1833, the 10th generation Kiheiji Tsuji succeeded to the Hitachi Otsu position and was honored by the late Emperor Kogaku with the Imperial Throne. (The nameplate is still displayed in the family’s reception room to this day.
Middleman
Shoji Shoji of Iwayagawauchi sold off all his possessions during a fire and closed his pawnshop, and since other pawnbrokers had lost the capital to re-open their businesses, Arita’s financial situation was extremely dire.
Annual installment loan
In October of the fourth year of Tempou (1834), the village headman of Izumiyama, Fukami Kazuto (the last descendant of the Soden family), Kiukemon (believed to be from the Otaru Kaneko family), Heikemon (believed to be from the Shirakawa Nakajima family), Torasuke (believed to be from the Kohei Morooka family), Chouemon (believed to be from the Akae-machi Tanaka family), Hirokichi, Koshichi, Oiwake Takeju, Yasube, Kiheiji (from Kamikohira Tsuji), and Yazaemon (from Kohira Yoshitomi) signed the document together and presented it to the then Sarayama magistrate, Yoshitani Hanbei, who then issued the loan.
This loan of annual installments was used to finance the Arita pottery industry, and by November of the following year, the amount had reached a huge total of 1,540 mon, 322 mon, and 210 mon, or 3,022 mon in total.
In August of the sixth year of Tempo (1836), Hisatomi Sohei of Nakanohara and Yanagase Gisaburo (the father of Shiheiji) went to Osaka to inspect the area, and they went to the Hizen Residence to discuss various ways of selling Arita ware after the fire.
The Great Salt Rebellion
On February 19th, 1837, in protest against the administration of the Osaka town magistrate (Atobe Yamashiro no Kami Yoshitomo), the powerful Koryu Daikoku (Heihachiro) started a rebellion, setting fire to 18,250 private houses, shrines, temples and daimyo residences. The poor harvest in Bunsei extended to the rice storage of each clan, and as a result, the rice supply to Osaka was blocked, and the city was in a state of people dying of starvation one after another, so he was driven to act out of righteous indignation.
The Tenpo Famine and Borrowing Money
In 1837, the weather was bad again, and the harvest of the five grains was poor. The price of rice in the Kansai region in particular soared, and the financial situation became even more desperate. The pottery merchants of Arita Imari were in great difficulty. The rice shortage that was becoming more and more severe with each passing day due to the famine threatened the Arita pottery industry, and on January 13th, 1838 (the 8th year of the Tempo era), the feudal lord lord, Saisho, accepted the request of the Arita magistrate and lent funds from the treasury to save the kilns, thus averting a crisis for the Arita pottery industry.
Instruction Center
In 1839, a new instruction center was established at the Sarayama Center in Kamikohira, which was already a center for supervising the pottery industry. Two officials were also appointed to carry out the duties of the Arita Soshin-kai and to oversee the affairs of the people of the domain. Furthermore, in the front garden of the teaching hall, a pillar one shaku square and over ten feet high was erected, and those who disobeyed the law were tied to it and made an example of for the people to see.
Kusaba Haishen gives a lecture
After this great fire, the people of the area became wild and unruly, and as the local governor was unable to find anyone to control them, there was much controversy and disorder, making it very difficult to govern. Therefore, a stubborn Confucian scholar named Kusaba Haishen was sent from another domain to give lectures at the teaching hall, and it was decided that the teachings of Tao Qian would be used.
Makie pottery
At this time, Shobei Asadaya, a lacquerware dealer in the Kajiyacho area of Nagasaki, began trading with the Dutch, and he employed a maki-e artist named Matsuo Masaharu, who had come from Saga, to process lacquerware materials and to decorate ceramics with maki-e.
The Dutch Trade of Hisatomi
In 1842, the wealthy merchant Yojie Kufuji of Nakanohara began trading with the Netherlands, exporting goods from Nagasaki. After the Indian smuggling incident, the trading of Arita ware, other than that of Kakiemon, had long since ceased, but now there was a movement towards the re-establishment of official permission for its revival.
Koimari appraisal
Prior to this, Yojihei had been working in partnership with the aforementioned Shobei Tayano, sending Arita ware to Nagasaki for sale, but at this time, the Dutchman Kapiten sent porcelain from his homeland sent from the Netherlands, and although it was clearly a product of the Orient, it was unclear whether it was Chinese or Japanese, so it was shown to Shobei to see if he could identify it, and it was discovered to be correct that it was old Imari ware.
The capitan said that such fine porcelain could not be made in Europe, and so, through the introduction of a certain Yamaguchi, who was a translator, he asked for the opinion of Yoji Yoshie, who was in Nagasaki at the time, was asked to assess the pieces, and it was confirmed that they were indeed Arita ware. It is thought that they were smuggled in by Ureshino Jirozaemon about 100 years ago.
A single certificate of authenticity
From this The story concerns trade with the Dutch, and as the Dutch people also wished to trade with the people of the production area, negotiations were held with the consul, and Yojie obtained permission from the Saga clan to obtain a license for trade with the Dutch, and opened a branch in Omura-machi, Nagasaki.
Yojie Designs by Yoji
Yoji was skilled at identifying old pottery, and although he was not a potter, he devised designs for shapes and patterns, and had them made by the top potters of the time, such as Kajyu of Shirakawa, Kakiemon of Minamigawara, and Higuchi. He also ordered ordinary items such as thin thin bowls, coffee makers and other ordinary items were ordered from Mikawachi, and for export to Holland at this time, many of the war pictures of our country were painted in red.
Yoshie Hyoue Masatsune was the eldest son of the previous Yoji Hyoue, and was well versed in haikai and tea ceremony, and went by the name of Zoshuntei Tachibana Sai (also known as Matayoshi Sai).
The eldest son Mihosuke Masayasu took the name of Kojibei and was renowned for his haikai poetry. The sixth son, Yohei Masaki, succeeded to the head of the family as the eldest son, and he was a man of outstanding talent.
Amakusa mixed with Amishiki and Ajiro and Goto clay
Shocho first tried using Amakusa stone mixed with Izuyama porcelain clay. When glazing, he found that Izuyama glaze alone took too long to dry, so he added Ajiro to achieve his goal and greatly reduced the production time. In addition the use of Gotō clay was also his discovery. The designs and selection of products by father and son greatly suited the tastes of the Dutch, and they were able to make a profit, and at the time it was said that the annual trade was 10,000 ryo.
The Arita Period of Arita Period
From this time on, the fortunes of the Kujibe family prospered, and the Nakanohara area became lined with large houses belonging to the Kujibe clan. From the Arita period of the Tomimura family, it is now the Arita period of the Kujibe family. there was also a Yoshitomi family in Arita, but they were in the liquor and pawnshop business and had no direct connection with the pottery industry. (The family home was located between the present-day Manseido and the barber’s shop, and the first generation, Yoshitomi Yasuemon, died on June 2nd, 1803. There is a descendant, Kawataro.)
Tsuji Han Saburo’s receipt for the transfer of shares
In October 1845, Uzaburo Kawanami, one of the sixteen Akaya merchants, died, and as his son Konosuke was still very young, his relative Saburo Tsuji of Akaiwa-cho, who was a Yaiko (a type of professional entertainer), Hanzaburo Tsuji, a relative of the deceased, took over the business, and Tomokichi Furuta (who later changed his surname to Tsuji) stood as guardian and gave the following letter of guarantee to the 16 other ryokan owners who had already given their consent.
Letter of Guarantee handbill
Kouhei Yamakou Akakasuya Usaburo Yoshinao died of illness. Due to the negligence of the caretaker, the child died. After discussing the matter, it was decided that the child would be handed over to me. I will do my best to fulfill the terms of the contract, but please understand that I am not familiar with the concept of bonuses and such. However, I will do my best to fulfill the terms of the contract, so please understand that I am not familiar with the concept of bonuses and such. We have come to an agreement on the following points. If it turns out that the year of the rooster comes around, we will ask that you hand over the business to Ushinosuke. We will send you a letter to that effect at a later date, so that there will be no breach of contract.
October 15th, 1844, Akayamachi
Hansaburo
Tomokichi
And the names were 16 potters from the same trade: Karashima Yajyu, Kojima Kichibe, Otsuka Matsutaro, Fujishige Eikichi, Furuta Tomokichi, Imaizumi Sukegoro, Kitajima Torasuke, Kitajima Eisuke, Ushijima Heikichi, Kitajima Kichijiro, Tanaka Koei, Tomimura Morisaburo, Mitsuoka Kyukichi, Furuta Zouukon, Nishiyama Kouto, etc.
On December 8th, 1846 On December 8th (1846), the Taku Nagato clan, at the request of the Kanagae clan, reinstated the stipend for their retainers, which had previously been suspended. The people who signed the request at this time were Kanagae Sanbei, Kanagae Heizaemon, Kanagae Rizaemon, Kanagae Manuemon, Kanagae Yaigoson, Kanagae Beninosuke, Kanagae Genzaemon, Kanagae Sazaemon, Kanagae Bunzaemon, and Tokunaga Yasuzaemon.
Pottery Director of Yamagata pottery supervisor
In 1848, the domain established a domestic production office in Yamagata, and began selling Hizen-produced goods to people in Nagasaki, further encouraging the production of Arita ware. From the following year, in June 1849, the domestic production office was separated from the Yamagata office and a separate office was established within the domain, with the side-tou and side-mokuzuke overseeing the business, and supervising the production of pottery in Arita, Okawachi, etc. separated the mountain area from the coastal area and established a separate bureau within the imperial court, and the side-tou and side-moku were made to oversee the pottery production of Arita, Okawachi, etc.
The rivalry between Arita ware and Competition between Arita and Seto
In 1849, the lord of the Kii domain, Tokugawa Nakagawa, sold Onoyama ware in Osaka, the lord of the Omura domain, Omura Tango no Kami, sold Hasami ware in Osaka, and the lord of the Hasuike domain, Nabeshima Settsu no Kami, sold Ureshino ware in Osaka, all of which were competing with Arita ware and Seto ware. From this time on, the Osaka stores of the Saga and Owari domains The Saga and Owari domains’ stores in Osaka developed in opposition to each other, with the Owari domain selling at low prices as its motto, and the Arita domain promoting its high quality. Meanwhile, the Hizen wholesalers in Edo were also doing very well, and there was a rule that they had to pay 200 ryou in taxes each year.
In the sixth year of the Kaei era (1853), the clan asked the Nagasaki Bugyo, Osawa Bungo no Kami Sadataka (Noritetsu), to open a direct payment route from the Saga Shokai (located in Nagasaki Bungo-machi), and the following year, in April, the Nagasaki Bugyo, Nabeshima Shinko, was ordered to oversee the matter, and a plan was drawn up for the direct export of Arita ware.
Tashiro Monzaemon emon
In the third year of the Ansei era (1857), when Nagasaki Magistrate Kawamura Tsushima no Kami was in office, Tashiro Monzaemon of Hon Kihei planned foreign trade by concluding the Gokoku Kajo Treaty.
The social policies of the Saigo clan social policy
In March of the 13th year of the Kōan era (1843), the feudal lord, Nariakira Saitō, carried out a social policy that dealt a heavy blow to the landowners of the three towns of Imari, Arita and Yamashiro. This was was intended to protect the common people, and he ordered a survey of the situation regarding land distribution, and divided the rice fields that the landowners let out to the tenant farmers into three categories: those that yielded more than 100 koku of rice per year, those that yielded between 50 and 100 koku, and those that yielded between 30 and 50 koku.
Kajiko Battari battari
This is what is called “kajiko battari” in this world, and it continued until the abolition of the han system and the establishment of prefectures in 1871, with the landowner being ordered to postpone the payment of the rent for a further ten years on three separate occasions every ten years thereafter. The landowner was unable to collect the rent for the were unable to collect the rent for the next three decades, and the farmers were able to make a living, so the landowners could not bear to give up their land and many of them abandoned their land, which naturally reverted to the farmers. For this reason, in the Saga domain, the gap between rich and poor was more even than in other domains, but it was the large landowners in the three villages mentioned above who were hit hardest by this.
The Great Landowners’ Fear
The main landowners were Hisatomi Kojibe of Nakanohara, Maeda Giukomon of Arita, Matsumura Takeukemon, Maekawa Zenta of Imari, and Takushima Tokunosuke of Yamashiro. (In later years, after consultation, Matsumura Takeukemon, Hisatomi Ryukemon, and the five sons of Kojibe and others, including the fifth son of Takayoshi Matsumura, Ryuukoumon Hisatomi, went to Tokyo to meet with the Minister of Justice, Shinpei Eto, and had a great deal of negotiation, but in the fifth year of Meiji, the new government decreed that all land ownership rights should be returned to the year 1842, 30 years earlier, and the original landowners should regain ownership rights, and in exchange, the rent should be halved. However, because of the strong opposition from the peasants, who had already been able to use the land as if it were their own for 30 years, in 1873 the original landowners were given 25% of the old ownership and the peasants were given 75% of the old ownership. This time, however, the landowners did not accept this. Therefore, in the tenth year of Meiji, the land was divided into two parts, one for the landowners and the other for the tenants, and the tenants were to pay the landowners one quarter of the value of the land they had moved to, and the matter was finally settled.
Due to the implementation of this land reform, the people of the Nishime region were in a state of panic, so Saisei appointed Niwa Kurozaemon as the administrator of the Arita Sara-yama region, and together with Kume Oshichi, he increased the number of horses on the Imari Makishima farm horses, and also started the development of coal in Yamashiro-go, but even the most prosperous of them, Kume Koshun, was unable to avoid the ruin of his family fortune due to this policy of debt forgiveness.
At the time, the branch in Omura-machi, Nagasaki, was under the management of Hisatomi Kohei, but due to the aforementioned circumstances, he was unable to meet the demands of his foreign customers and was running out of money to cover operating costs, so he transferred the trading license to Tashiro Monzaemon on condition that he would take over the business.
Takashima Coal Mining by Kunitomi Yohei
Kouhei, in conjunction with the Englishman Glover (who later took the Japanese name Kuraba), hired the British engineer Morris and invested a huge amount of money in the Takashima coal mine, but at the time the method of coal mining was not yet developed, and they suffered heavy losses. He is said to have been the pioneer of the coal mining industry in Japan. Later, when the Takashima mine was managed by Goto Shojiro, the Mitsubishi Corporation made a large profit.
Shoji Sekkei dies
Shoji Shoji died on December 6th, 1857 (Ansei 3rd year). He was 65 years old at the time of his death. He was a descendant of the Uda Genji clan, and the third son of Shoshichiro, a descendant of the lord of the Fuda domain in Unshu, and was born with the common name of Yonejuji, and the pen name of Gankei (meaning “Oya”), and also had the nickname of Nanki.
He previously ran a pawn shop, and built a small shrine in the garden to worship the Confucius, and taught the children of the local village. In his later years, he cleared a field and built three new houses, and had his family engage in farming. However, when the great fire of Bunsei broke out, he saved all his possessions and gave his house to his third son Sekisai (the father of Sekijun), and retired to live on the mountain where he had cleared the land.
Hyohi Roku (100 volumes)
During the Tempo era (1831-1845), he traveled to Edo, where he met and became friends with Sato Issai, Azumi Gonsai and others, and also received the patronage of Hayashi Shusai (the head of the Shohei School). On his return trip, he visited Daiko Chusai in Naniwa, where he stayed for several months. He studied even harder, and the book he compiled was called Hyōhikyoku (100 volumes of leopard skin). It contains prefaces and postscripts by the great scholars of the time, including Hirose Tansō, Hata Ashiro, Shinozaki Kotake, Goto Shōin, Okuno Kōzan and Kusakabe Haikō. The lord of the Hirado domain, Matsuura Hizen no Kami, read this book and could not help but praise it, and he immediately sent a waka poem to Gankei as a gift.
Even if the mountains are hidden from view, they can still be written about
The words of the book are the end of the sea in all directions
Other writings
At the time, the finances of the clan were in a poor state, and hearing that the people in power were in a quandary, he wrote a copy of the Fuko Roku and presented it to the clan. He also wrote 20 volumes of economic questions and answers, 8 volumes of the Essentials of Family Management, 20 volumes of the Tenmei Roku, and 20 volumes of the Seven Virtues of the Samurai. When he was at his mountain villa, many people of letters and men of talent from all over the country came to visit him, and even people like Yataro Iwasaki stopped to admire his calligraphy.
Gratitude to the Author
In later years, the Osaka clock merchant Ikoma Gonshichi was so moved by reading the book “Iseki’s Way of Life”, which was written by Sekkei, that he devoted himself to the path of self-cultivation and family harmony, and eventually became a millionaire. years later, he recounted the story to his grandson, Taisuke Nobuyoshi, and expressed his gratitude by giving him a pocket watch and some money. In 1913, he also gave 200 copies of a book containing a collection of the virtues of Emperor Meiji, along with 100 yen, to be used as funds for a memorial service for the deceased. This is a beautiful story that shows the high level of learning and virtue of Sekkei, as well as the admirable character of Kenshi.
Tsujie Tsuruta’s Application of Tsushima Clay
The unglazed clay that was fired with the addition of Gotō clay as a glaze-combining agent not only took on a slight blackish tinge, but when the overglaze enamels were applied, the edges of the glaze sometimes ran, resulting in flaws that marred the finished product. Izuyama’s famous potter, Tsuru Tamejiro (the second Tamazen), was so concerned with improving the various problems that he discovered that if he used the old Daisen clay, he could avoid them completely.
From this point on, the demand for the Tsuishu clay increased greatly, and in the Meiji era, the Tsuishu samurai took control of the vocational training center, and from the director, Sodeoka Konnoshin, the clay was shipped to Ushijima-hama in Imari was being shipped out to the Imanari area, the amount was no more than 150,000 to 160,000 koku per year, but now it has reached the point where a huge amount is being shipped out to all over the country.
The emergence of famous pottery The production of famous pottery masters Since the great fire, Arita had sunk to the depths of stagnation, but the compulsory diligence and financial assistance provided by the clan gradually brought about a revival, and with this revival came the advancement of technology, leading to the production of many famous pottery masters. such as Kiheiji Tsuji of Imari, Kizo (later Kiheimon) Fukami of the Soden lineage, Kajyu Minami of Shirakawa, Okichi Fukami of Izumiyama, and Banjiro Tashiro of Ohashi, whose production of blue and white porcelain was like a clear gem, was a masterpiece that was not inferior to the famous pieces of ancient China.
Banjiro Tashiro Tajiro
Tajiro Tajiro brought some of the vases he had made that year to Edo and invited several merchants in the trade to come and see them. They were all so impressed by the works, which were like jewels, that they bought them at the prices Tajiro had set, and not one of them dared to haggle over the price.
He brought brought several dozen more masterpieces to Edo, and when he called out to the merchants, this time three times as many people gathered as before, and each one was eager to ask the price, so much so that Banziro was at a loss for words and unable to answer, and everyone said, “Before you buy, you should take a look at this piece of pottery first.” The shopkeepers were offended by this comment, and, one after another, they got up from their seats and left.
It seems that it is clear that he was not very worldly-wise, other than being a great craftsman.
Fukami Okichi
Fukami Okichi, on a business trip to Saga Castle Town, happened to see a superb vase made of old Chinese pottery in a shop on the way back home. He went in and asked the price, but the shopkeeper would not sell it to him at such an exorbitant price. he gazed at the vase in admiration, and, after bargaining for it, he left, having copied the shape and pattern in detail. He then walked the ten-mile night road back to the mountains.
NANRI Kajyu
Even in his later years, there were things that Nami Kajyu was unable to perfect if he was left to his own devices. Therefore, he would have the first potter he hired make a rough shape, and when it was finished, he would get up from his padded kimono and sit on the rim of the wheel , he placed a paddle in the large turning bowl, which he rotated with his right hand, and after about two minutes he said, “It’s good,” and produced a perfect finished piece.
He also produced a glaze that was not completely sealed, like the Tsuji-style Gokushin-yaki, and it was was a type of unglazed earthenware pot that was fired in a kiln, and was similar to the Tonto-style pottery of the Okawachi domain kilns. After firing, these unglazed earthenware pots were used as braziers or pickle tubs.
The movement to reform the Akabeyakaya system Movement for reform of the Akaeya system
Although many famous potters were produced in the kilns as shown on the right, if you exclude about 10 of the 16 Akaeya kilns, the technology was very poor, and many of them were damaging the beauty of Arita ware , and so the call for reform of the Akayaya system became louder and louder, and at this time they petitioned for permission to abolish the system of division of labor and to allow kiln-makers to operate their own kilns freely.
Sarayama The daimyo, Ishibashi San’emon, considered the matter to be of great importance, and although he did not allow it, adhering to the old laws, he showed his authority by arresting and detaining the reformers, including Izumiya Shinkai, Tsuruta Jihei, and Motoyuki Hirose.
The rebellion of Tomimura Morisaburo’s Rebellion
On the side of the Ipponakaen, as a matter of life or death for their own business, they gathered at Katsuraunji and, with Morisaburo Tomimura as the leader, they put up a strong defense against the reformists, but the situation was not easy , and the dispute ended in defeat for the reformists.
Tachibana Sahei dies
Bunkyu On July 10th, 1861 (Bunkyuu 1st year), Hisatomi Yohei Masatsune (Tachibana-sai) passed away. He started the officially licensed Dutch trade, and while also interacting with writers and artists from various countries, people like Bungo’s calligrapher Takeno Tsunemura (Gyouzou Takanori, died on August 26th, 1834 at the age of 59, posthumously awarded the title of Junior Fifth Rank) came to visit and painted on porcelain (there is a bowl for sencha tea that he painted with a picture of a shrimp). As mentioned above, he also contributed to the improvement of this industry, and he was also not short of devoting himself to public works.
Nagasaki Proclamation from the Magistrate of Nagasaki
In 1862, the Magistrates of Nagasaki (Takanashi Masanori and Okubo Kijichiyu, both of whom were also known as “Bungo no Kami”) issued a proclamation to the people of Arita and Mikawachi, the main points of which were that contact with Europeans and Americans was becoming more frequent at this time , and although there was a great deal of pottery being exported from Nagasaki, due to the effects of the fire and the machine, Arita ware, which had once been overturned from its roots, was still being produced in a crude manner in some places, and there were those who were warning against this.
Ishibashi The magistrate received this notice and immediately warned all the potters, and in order to encourage the improvement of the craft, he posted the notice on the left from the Sarayama meeting place to the Fuda no tsuji.
(omission of the beginning (omission) The instructions from the Nagasaki Magistrate are as follows. Please be sure to follow them. There are also strict instructions regarding the handling of illegal goods, so please be sure to follow them. . If there is any item that is not in accordance with the law, please seize it and inform the relevant authorities as soon as possible. If there is any oversight, please inform the relevant authorities as soon as possible.
November 6th, 1862, Sarayama Meeting Place
Year tree Purple medicine from the Tenki-an kiln
In the Bunkyu era (1861-1864), Izumiyama’s Fukami Heisakumon discovered that copper oxide could be used to produce a color similar to that of the palm tree, and this discovery was highly prized as the purple medicine of the Tenki-an kiln. At first during the early stages of its development, the pigment would inevitably flow onto the inside of the ware, damaging it and causing considerable losses, but gradually, as its application was improved, it reached a state of perfection.
The Issue of the Single-Sheet License
In the past In 1860, the rights to export Arita ware were taken over by a man named Motokouhei Tashiro Monzaemon under the name of British trade, and this led to disputes with other merchants over the value of the rights, and the sale of the rights to a single person was seen as something that would . However, the strong-willed Monzaemon did not give in, but instead expanded his business even further, and his younger brother Keiukemon traveled to Nagasaki’s Nishihama-machi to significantly expand trade, and later even went on to establish a branch in Yokohama. Yokohama trade began in March 1860, when the port of Kanagawa was opened to foreign trade.
Mikawachi orders for thin wares
Westerners, who loved the pure white hue and light thin wares, preferred Mikawachi ware to Arita ware. Moreover, Mikawachi ware could be produced at a lower cost than Arita ware, and there was potential for producing the base material. Therefore from the time of the Koshuntei trading company, the normal-grade thin-walled wares were ordered from Mikawachi and then decorated with red painting in Arita.
The tacit approval of the Nagasaki Magistrate
Of course, as a rule of the domain, this was strictly prohibited, but the Nagasaki Magistrate allowed it from the perspective of national interests. Tashiro Monzamon also ordered thin-walled bowls and the bases of coffee pots from Mikawachi, and had them transported to Arita, where they were decorated with red designs and inscribed with the names of the makers, such as Hieizan Shimpo or Arita Yamada Shiro, and then traded.
Originally people in Arita believed that Amakusa stone was much more fragile than Izumiyama stone, and so it was generally mixed in with the other stone or its use was prohibited. Therefore, even after the Meiji Restoration, there were no people who openly used it, except for those who used it in secret. when the Nishimatsuura Pottery Products Evaluation Committee was judging the products in 1896, they did not give any prizes to the products made with Amakusa clay, but after they gave a prize to a product made with Amakusa clay, it caused a great deal of controversy.
Suppression rejection
The strict prohibition of the use of Amakusa materials in Arita was not based on the results of scientific testing, but was mainly due to the fact that the products of the region were considered to be of poor quality, and were particularly fragile, with defects such as the appearance of earthworms when applying red glaze . On the other hand, it was also a way of wanting to preserve the special prestige of Izumiyama stone forever.
In the late years of the Meiji era In the latter years of the Meiji era, it was discovered that Amakusa stone, unlike Izumiyama stone, did not contain much iron sulfide and had excellent adhesive properties, making it advantageous for manufacturing. Arita people thought that if it was not made from the Izumi mountain clay, it was not true porcelain, and so the mixing of other mountain clays, which did not have the same hue or hardness, was considered a treasonous act that would cause the authority and credibility of Arita ware to fall, and this led to a disturbance.
At the time of the punishment of Monzaemon planning to punish Monnzaemon.
In the second year of Keio (1866), there was a proposal to negotiate with Monnzaemon about the red-lacquered matter regarding the aforementioned Mikawachi clay, but it was agreed that it would be impossible to persuade him using ordinary means due to his stubbornness, and . They agreed that it would be impossible to persuade him by ordinary means, so they took the unburned items he had decorated with the family crest and brought them to the kiln, pasting paper over them to prevent the removal of the high-level inscription. They then appealed to the local magistrate and planned to punish and reform Monzaemon greatly . At that time, as representatives of the kiln, Tezuka Kurasuke (later Hisatomi Ryuukomon), Hirabayashi Ihei (later Ihei), and Izumiyama Fukami Masanosuke (the older brother of Minamizato Heiichi) were chosen to appear at the magistrate’s office.
The representative was beaten be detained
However, what is the meaning of this? The magistrate, Ishibashi San’emon, had them paste paper over the names on the high ground to prevent them from being erased, and the fact that the magistrate was suspected of covering up the evidence and destroying the evidence was extremely disrespectful to the superiors . When they heard this, the potters became very angry and gathered at the Kosenji Temple (now the Tōzan Shinto Shrine Office).
The gathering at the Kosenji Temple gathered
together, and they were outraged by this unjust treatment, and decided that it was pointless to deal with such a self-serving and arrogant official, and that the best thing to do was to take all the potters out to Saga and ask for a fair decision from the feudal lord. The official was became greatly concerned, and dispatched officials to try to pacify them, but they would not listen, and it was not until the three governors were pardoned and various measures were taken that the disturbance was finally suppressed.
Responsibility for the disturbance and the Akahenya family was ordered to close its doors
On the other hand, Kansakumon was allowed to use his surname and wear a sword because he had made a donation in the past, and as a samurai, he was not allowed to engage in business, so the trading was done in the name of his son, Kusakusuke. Therefore, Kusakusuke was brought before the magistrate’s office and interrogated every day, and at the request of the Tashiro family, he was ordered to paint the family crest on the gate, and the following people were punished: Kitajima Gengo of Akahen-cho, Kojima Rihei of Otaru, and Furuta Morikichi of Hekoba.
Release and explanation the gate
At this time, Monzaemon secretly transported the brocade from Mikawachi to the Yagen River, or he had it buried underground in the garden, but eventually, Sukezo was released, and the four red-light houses were also released from the gate and the four red-roofed houses were also allowed to reopen, but for Monzaemon, who had lost his only son, the disaster was too great to bear. Even he, who was known for his fortitude, was at a loss for words and for a time even considered giving up his business.
And so the production of red-glazed earthenware from Mikawachi gradually increased in scale. Of course, it was not impossible to produce thin wares like those described in this paper using only Arita clay, but due to differences in adhesive strength, etc., they were extremely expensive, so Arita merchants had no choice but to order this type of clay from Mikawachi. Fukagawa Eiza Kumon also exhibited Mikawachi tea sets at the 1873 World Exhibition in Vienna, which were decorated with the six famous poets of the Renga school in vivid colors, and sold very well.
Saga Shokai ‘s plan to expand into Shanghai
The Saga Shokai in Nagasaki was dedicated to selling the products of the domain, but the head of the Shokai, Matsubayashi Genzo, included the wishes of the domain lord, Kanso (Naomasa, beginning with Naosuke), and negotiated with Hisatomi Okuhira and Tashiro Monzaemon negotiations with Okuhira Hisatomi and Monnzaemon Tashiro were intended to develop overseas trade by cutting out the involvement of foreigners, and the plan was to first establish a branch of the Saga Shokai in the large Chinese market of Shanghai, and then expand sales channels into the European and American markets.
The Saga clan’s specialty products, including Arita-yaki porcelain, were loaded onto the Dutch warship that was in port in Nagasaki, along with other products from Hizen Province such as white wax, Japanese paper and hemp, and the group also took the opportunity to travel on the ship.
They bought a lot
Of course, we had no idea of the tastes or uses of Europeans, and it was unclear what kind of goods would be suitable for them, so this selection was a kind of blind purchase , it was a very bold move, but it was not necessary to say that during their stay in Paris they were able to investigate their tastes and the uses of their customs.
Thus, group, under the leadership of Mr. Sano, consisted of a translator, Mr. Chinosuke Koide, an assistant professor at the Chikyokan (an English school established by the Saga clan in 1865, located in the Fukabori residence in Goto-machi, with Mr. Furubecki as the teacher), assistant professor, Kōdai Kōnosuke Mitsuaki, the sales manager was the wealthy merchant Motokazu Nonaka from Saga, the deputy manager was Chōzaemon Fukagawa, and the first assistant was Bun’ichi Otoiyama. All of them were members of the Hagakure school, and they boarded the ship with great care so as not to bring shame upon Japan.
Toragoro Ishimaru A student at Chikyokan before this, a young man from the domain called Ishimaru Kogoro (later Yasuyo) was a promising young man who was the focus of attention at the school. The British , a wealthy merchant in Nagasaki, repeatedly interviewed Toragoro and recognized his extraordinary talent, and offered him the opportunity to visit Europe to see its culture. Toragoro was greatly moved by this offer, and after consulting with Nabeshima Naoshi (the lord of Shiraishi), he applied to the lord of the domain for permission to go.
He was accompanied by Hachiro Mawatari accompanied by
Hanso Matasaburo, who was also very supportive, but because of the national ban at the time, they decided to secretly carry out their plan under the pretense of escaping, and they also added a companion from among his friends who was a talented person , and they secretly traveled from Nagasaki to England on a ship belonging to the Glover Trading Company. It was the first year of the Genji era (1864). four years of observing European culture, but at this time they were invited to the Paris Exposition as interpreters.
At the exhibition venue , the lacquerware of Saga, decorated with gold maki-e featuring the apricot leaf design of the Nabeshima family crest, was a thing of resplendent gold, set off by the blue and brocade designs of Arita ware. At this time, the Satsuma clan had a display shop, and the shopkeeper was Iwashita Sajiemon Katahira (the son of the chief retainer Norizane Michitaka, a former councillor of the House of Peers, who died in August 1900). He crossed the Japanese flag with the clan flag of the Shimazu family, which had a fixed crest of a bit of rope, crossed, and when we recommended this to the Saga clan, they also agreed, and the clan raised the flag with the rising sun and the apricot leaf crest, and it was as if the Tokugawa shogunate no longer existed.
Therefore, there was a protest from there was a protest from Tokugawa Mitsukuni (the 11th son of Mito Nariaki, and the younger brother of the shogun Yoshinobu, who succeeded the Mito family), who was dispatched from the shogunate, and although they hoped for a withdrawal, he did not give in, and after returning to Japan at the end of the exhibition, he discussed with Saga domain samurai the implementation of the overthrow of the shogunate and the restoration of the imperial government.
Shimada Sohei’s drawing
Thus, Fukagawa Chozaburo was to wait on the Saga clan, but at this time, the Edo shogunate sent a manager to oversee the exhibition, and he placed the tea bowls on small plates and the teacups on medium plates, following Shimada Sohei’s drawing. The shapes and , with a Western-style combination of bamboo heads and dog-tail glue. The bowls were flat from the rim to two shaku in length, and the sake bottles were thin-mouthed vases. In particular, they calmly and nonchalantly called the thin cups with red cloth-wrapped beauties on them “buta-ire” (buta-ire means “buta-ire” in Japanese).
Despite this sudden and despite the forced combination, the unexpected favorable results were due to the Europeans’ curiosity about the wonders and curiosities of the Japanese products they had never seen before, and their desire to buy them regardless of their intended use.
A narrow-mouthed orchid vase
Among them, the narrow-mouthed sake bottles were selling very well, so they decided to attach metal fittings to them and use them as lamp stands. This application of sake bottles came into fashion, and in later years they were called “foreign-style” and were exported in large numbers.
Also, Western women who came to Japanese footwear A Western woman who came to a Japanese footwear store tapped her cheek lightly with the smooth leather of a zetta sandal and asked what it was originally used for, and the man replied that it was a Japanese footwear. However, because it was like a foreign product , because they don’t know that they are a pair and only take one pair away, so if we stop them or chase after them and give them one pair, they won’t turn back, we would only buy them as a rare souvenir. We caught them as they were running away, thinking that the Japanese were selling them, and finally convinced them by explaining that they were a set of two. were so strong that they were bought to make clothes, or there were even people who wanted kelp as wallpaper.
The thing that surprised the European artists the most was the exquisite technique of the Nabeshima ware produced at the Nabeshima kilns. In short, the popularity of were able to enjoy unexpected profits from the great popularity of their products, which were sold in shops all over Japan. The only thing that was regrettable was the death of the merchant Gen’emon Nonaka while he was staying in Paris.
The death of Gen’emon Nonaka ‘s untimely death
Nonaka Genkuemon was the seventh head of the famous medicine shop Karasuien in Saka-Zaimoku-cho, and he was a man of great wisdom who had studied waka poetry under Furukawa Matsune and Nakajima Hirotari, and had long aspired to foreign trade He was a shrewd businessman who had gained the favor of Hanso and was enrolled in the samurai register. At the time of his death, he was 56 years old (the current Tairō Nonaka is the 12th generation, and the containers for the pharmaceutical product Uzaien have been made by the Tsuruta Godayu family of Arita Izumiyama for generations). is the 12th generation, and the containers for the pharmaceutical company Usaien have been made by the Tsuruta Godayu family of Arita Izumiyama for generations. In the future, he will make tea with Ureshino tea and export it to the United States, and he will also establish the Kiritatsu Commerce and Industry Company and established the Tokyo Etsu Trading Company, which traded in ceramics to Britain and America. Gisuke Matsuo, who carried out this legacy, was the head clerk at Motookomon.
The return of the Sano party morning
of the day the exposition closed, he ordered the Saga clan’s warship Nisshin to return from France, and Sano Eijuzaemon, together with Mawatari Hachiro, went to Kyoto to meet with Hanso and report the results in detail. Ishimaru Kogoro and Fukagawa Chosaemon settled the remaining business at the Nagasaki government office, but from then on, Toragoro used this port as a base to interact with foreigners, develop the Matsura region, and plan to greatly expand overseas.
Toragoro also introduced to the young and ambitious men of Arita at the time, such as Hirazaemon Fukami, Koemon Momota, and Eizaemon Fukagawa, and showed them Japan’s position in Europe, and had them discuss the future direction of the industry, with the aim of hearing their hopes for demand and the key points for improvement in production.
The two-color stone stone
He also had a close relationship with Okuhira Hisatomi, who was based in Nagasaki, and he explained the potential of Arita porcelain and the digging of Goheita (coal) in various places in Matsuura, and discussed how to develop the wealth of Matsuura using this black and white stone.
Toragoro’s foresight
At this time, the world was in a state of turmoil, with two opposing views on the opening of ports and Chimpu, and the patriots of the land gathered in Kyoto to work hard on national affairs, while the various clans fought each other over whether to support the Emperor or the Shogunate. Such phenomena were just a passing fad of the times, and in particular, the idea of closing the country to the outside world or the idea of expelling foreigners were the extreme views of a narrow-minded person. He warned that and warned that we should carefully observe the trends of the world and greatly expand trade. This insight, based on practical experience, was one of the reasons that the people of Arita were quickly educated in global knowledge.
Hanso’s wisdom
At Kanso, who was able to transcend the quarrels and disputes of the time and see the big picture of the East and West, also warned the samurai of their rash and thoughtless actions. Therefore, the Saga clan , while the number of casualties during the Meiji Restoration was relatively low, it appears that the domain ceded its political leadership to other domains, but it took the lead in actually putting into practice the idea of promoting trade under the national prestige of a well-equipped military, and devoted all his energy to the development of the local industry, and it is well known that he was particularly interested in the development of medicine, law and industry.
Kousaba Haien dies
In October of the third year of Keio (1867), Koju Kousaba, who had previously been a lecturer at the Arita School of Education, passed away. He was 81 years old at the time of his death . His name was Teiho, and his common name was Sasuké. He also had the aliases of Gyokujō Sanjin, Takuheidō Shujin, Fukugisai, Katei, Saku, and Suigyōsha. He was the son of Takuho He was a man of the Taku clan, and he studied under Seiri Koga of Saga, and was a teacher at the clan school, Koudoukan. He devoted himself to national affairs and teaching, and he also studied painting under Shuura Egoshi, and was particularly skilled at painting bamboo in the wind. In November 1916, he was posthumously awarded the rank of Junior Fourth Rank.
(His son, Rittaro (who founded the Imari Gakusha school)
Morris’s Sekiba Survey
At the end of 1867, at the behest of Kanso, Ishiguro Toragoro and Kume Joichiro (later to become a doctor of literature named Kunitake) sent Morris, who was working for the Graber Trading Company as an engineer, to to investigate the coal seams in the Matsura-gun Yamashiro district, the Arita volunteers took advantage of this opportunity to invite Morris to the Nakanohara Hisatomi Kihei residence and asked him to investigate the Izumiyama stone pit. The magnetite that had been mined for hundreds of years since the Genwa era years of digging, there were still some parts missing. There were also small pools of water here and there, and the narrow paths between them made transportation very inconvenient, but Morris pointed out various things that needed to be improved in the digging method.
After that, Toragoro was in Nagasaki, where he was engaged in the Matsura development project and also acted as an intermediary for the Arita ware trade. The letter on the left is probably a reference to this.
Toragoro’s letter
Attached is a letter of credit for 500 gold coins. I would like to ask you to send the money to me here in person. I would like to ask you to send the money to me here in person.
April 7
If it is a gold certificate, please check it carefully. If it is a gold card, please check it carefully. If it is money, it is in the envelope as it is, so please accept it. In any case, please bring it to Genjichi-dono as soon as possible. If that is not possible, please ask someone else to bring it to the person in charge.
Toragoro
The names are Ryūemon-dono (later changed to Ryūen, a member of the Hisatomi family), Genshichi-dono (a member of the Shōji family), and Gohei-dono (a member of the Tezuka family). The Nihongō Shōkai was probably the Home Nihongō Shōkai in the Oura settlement in Nagasaki.
Tezuka Tetsuka Kinosuke
In the first month of the first year of Meiji (1868), Tetsuka Kinosuke, a dealer in Oura pottery, went on a business trip to the Keihan region with his wares, but at the time the Battle of Fushimi-Toba had just ended had just ended, and when the call to arms for the conquest of the Ou region was issued, people’s hearts were filled with anxiety and they were unable to return home, and during this time, Kinosuke was busy making various plans.
The reformists rise again
In the first year of Meiji In the first year of Meiji, Hyakutake Sakukemon Hironobu replaced Ishibashi Sankemon and was appointed as the Arita-Sarayama magistrate. The issue of the red-painted kiln owners’ claim to operate kilns, which had previously been rejected, re-emerged at this time, and the reformists, including Fukami Heisakemon, Hyakuta Tahei, (Shigetuemon) Fukagawa Eizakemon , etc. advocated increasing the number of export licenses for Nagasaki from one to two, and increasing the number of kiln-burning licenses from 220 to 240, and the number of licenses for the Akebiya from 16 to 22.
Nishioka Haru intercession
In March of the first year of Meiji, the three aforementioned reformists went to Saga and explained the situation to the clan’s Confucian scholar, Nishioka Harumasa (the father of Nishioka Yumei, the head of the Hakodate Court of Appeal, who also used the name Hakuro Matasuke), who was a senior official of the clan. The debate within the clan was split into two opposing sides, with some arguing that the hereditary privilege of the industry should not be destroyed, and others even studying the separate history of the Amakusa Ueda family. The Arita Akaya family thought that the industry was already perfect, but the Hyakutake County Governor still had the will to study it further , he invited the potter Michihachi Takahashi, who had worked for him in Kyoto, to Arita, and entrusted him with teaching the techniques of the pottery wheel, the Raku style, and the traditions of the Kyoto kilns.
In 1869 , he was welcomed to the Shikidōjo pottery workshop in Kamikōhei, but the potters of Arita were inclined to look down on him, thinking that he had come to the home of porcelain and red painting to learn nothing, and so few of them gathered to see him. Sanju, a young man who worked in the kilns and in the red-dye shop, announced that anyone who did not receive this training would be severely punished, so everyone was forced to receive the training, and from this time on, he was able to build a red-glaze kiln in his own house and conduct experiments.
Heizaemon was astonished
The famous potter of this trade, Hirayama Heizaemon, was a man of great wisdom and resourcefulness. At this time, he had a huge kiln 20 shaku (60 cm) in diameter and 10 shaku (30 cm) high, and he invited Dohachi to see the results of firing it using a balance system. he smashed a large piece of pottery with a hammer, and then sealed it with glaze from the inside, taking out a piece of extremely high-quality porcelain. He was also amazed by the scale of the production and the skill involved, as he saw a large vase over five feet in length being casually carried out.
Hiraemon later, faced with the two sons of Bokusuke and Takeji, said, “Today, the tea ceremony potter Michihachi has lost his nerve, and I think he will be greatly concerned. You must listen to his teachings obediently and you should learn the characteristics of Kiyomizu-style pottery, and there are certain things you must learn about the techniques of Kyoto-style pottery, such as how to use the lid-lid of a teapot or the design of tea utensils. You should be deeply moved by this, and from now on the two of you should study diligently under Dohachi.
In later years, In the works of Kaian, there are tea utensils that demonstrate a certain originality, in addition to the Arita ware, and it should be seen that the Kyoto style of Doji has been added to the construction. Thus, Doji returned to Kyoto after one year, but during that time, the name of the Hizen official kiln was written on his products.
He employed Uzaburo was invited
In 1869, Hyakutake County was invited to the French Exposition, where he purchased porcelain pigments and learned the techniques of their application. a medical instrument and pharmaceutical dealer in Edo, and the father of Shimizu Renro), and had the children of the kiln masters teach him how to use the new pigments he had brought with him. At this time he brought with him and tried using cobalt oxide blue, but he did not know how to dilute it with clay, so it was too concentrated and ended up being unusable.
Hattori Kyoho’s training school Hattori Kyoho’s training school
In September 1869, Hattori Kyoho, a potter from Tokyo, traveled to France to study at the Paris World Exposition, and upon his return he taught the Japanese methods of painting with colored pigments, oil painting, and using plaster molds. Nishiyama Moritaro of Nakanohara, Mitsutake Sosichi of Okawachi, etc., and sent them to Tokyo to practice, but at this time they encountered the reforms of the Meiji Restoration, and with the interruption of funding, they were forced to return home after only six months. Of these people Takesuke Tsukasa tried his hand at trading in Yokohama, but later joined the Yokohama Commerce and Industry Association, and then went to the United States.
Exhibits by Renzo Ezoe Exhibition by
Ezo Renzo, a samurai from the domain of Matsumoto who had secretly escaped to Shanghai in 1869 and was working for the Mitsumatsu Trading Company, exhibited Arita ware at the Singapore Exposition, greatly enhancing the reputation of Japanese art and craft.
Yone Renbei of Monzaemon Monzan’s rice selling
In the second year of Meiji (1869), due to a severe rice shortage, the price of a 180-monme (approx. 3.7kg) bag of rice rose to 680 monme, and as there was also a severe shortage of grain, many people began to forage for wild vegetables such as Japanese silver leaf and other types of wild grass, and the people were greatly impoverished. this had a considerable impact on industry, and Tashiro Monzaemon bought a large quantity of low-grade rice from the northern provinces and sold it at cost price at his house in the Jinshoji area (the site of the current Arita Theater).
Western tableware from Hirabayashi dishes
In 1869, Ihei Hirabayashi of Otaru produced a variety of Western-style tableware for the first time at the request of the Western doctor, Boardin, who was living in Nagasaki.
A conversation between Kogoro and Ichiro
Once, when they were welcoming the Englishman Morris to the Hisatomi residence, and on the table they exchanged conversations about porcelain production with the Fukami brothers, Eizaemon Fukagawa, Katsuzo Tsuji, and others, they were impressed by the fact that they were using only tradition and experience to melt white clay using heat and fire to create finely crafted vessels . However, it was later agreed with Toragoro Ishimaru and Joichiro Kume that it would be very beneficial to the production process if they could be made aware of Western chemistry and physics, even if only conceptually.
Dr. Wagener Wagen
Afterwards, Toragoro heard that Dr. Wagener, a German chemist who had recently come to Nagasaki, had expressed an interest in researching the production of Arita porcelain, and he took this opportunity to invite Wagener to Arita through the introduction of his friend Okudaira Hisatomi.
Dr. Gottfried Wagener was born in 1831 in Hanover, Germany, into the family of a government official. He studied mathematics, physics, geology, crystallography and mechanics at Göttingen University, and received his doctorate at the age of 22. After that, he lived in France and Switzerland, etc., my younger brother Walsch was invited to establish a soap factory and came to Nagasaki on May 15th, 1868, the first year of Meiji, when he was 37 years old.
Wagenner would come to the Saga Shokai in Nagasaki from time to time to buy porcelain, and was moved by the research into Arita ware that was not yet being produced in Europe. One time, he came to the Shokai came to the store and spoke about the beneficial chemistry involved in pottery, and he also listened to the general outline of the Arita porcelain manufacturing process from the clerk, Goto Tezuka, and was greatly moved, but at the same time, he was also intrigued by the fact that there were some points of imperfection in the manufacturing process.
Wagener shows Gohhei experiments
One day, Wagener brought Gohei to his residence, the Wald Trading Company, and showed him various chemical experiments. In the past, in Arita’s gold paint was traditionally made by beating gold leaf into thin sheets, cutting it into thin strips with scissors, and then mechanically grinding it with a rolling pin. Wagener was dissolved in nitrate and precipitated with iron sulfate, and he also encouraged the most enthusiastic of the Arita potters to come and join him.
Daijiro and his grandson Ichi
Yorozu, with the permission of the Hyakutake County Governor, invited two people to the kiln: Yamaguchi Yorozu (the son of Iemoto) from Iwayagawachi and Nishiyama Magokazu (the son of Kozo) from Nakanohara. The two men visited Wagener’s laboratory every day visited Wagener’s laboratory every day, and as they had no knowledge of chemistry, they were amazed by the novelty of the science.
Imari Trading Company
The Imari Trading Company was established in April 1870. the kilns of the middle and lower classes were asking for financial assistance from the Imari merchants, and as a result of the various reforms that had been carried out in the domains at the beginning of the Meiji Restoration, sales controls had become lax, and each pottery merchant was able to sell their wares freely to various countries, and as a result of the competition, there was a tendency for the quality of the products to deteriorate there was a tendency for the quality of the products to deteriorate, and as a measure to prevent this, the Hyakutake County Governor decided to change the existing privilege of the Imari market to collect and distribute goods, and to establish sales offices in various countries, and to have the Imari Trading Company monopolize this sales right.
The Imari Traders’ Acquisition of the Sales Right
Imari merchants set up a committee to solicit investment in the company, but they refused to cooperate, and as a result the county government took away the sales rights of the 40 or so Imari merchants, which was a great shock to them. Meanwhile, in Arita and outside the town, they were able to obtain investment of 4,000 ryou, and with the help of the county governor, they were able to borrow 10,000 ryou from the clan and use this as the foundation for the trading company.
The officers of the trading company
The products were all brought into the warehouse, and the county governor became the supervisor, with Ihei Hirabayashi as the manager, and Heisakomon Yanagase of Otaru, Kinosuke Tezuka, and Tokutaro Hario of Nakanohara as the supervisors. In addition, the house of Hisatomi Soemon’s house was in charge of purchasing, and Inuzuka Giju from the same ward, Fujii Kiyosaku from Otaru, and Morooka Shintaro from Izumiyama were in charge of the administration. In addition, Kawahara Zenpachi, Nakanohara’s Hisatomi Sohei, Honkouhei’s Fukagawa Eizakumon, and Nakanohara’s Kanagae Toshihira became the evaluators, and for products that had already been evaluated, they were paid the price of eight kakeshi.
The three stores in Imari three
stores in Imari, with headquarters in Arita-machi, and Kado Genpei from Iwayagawa-uchi was put in charge. In the Uonotana (Nakamachi) area, Hisatomi Taihachi and Mori Tsunekichi from Nakanohara were put in charge, and these were assisted by Jōjima Denzaburō and Soeda Jūbei. In the Hamamachi , and Yanagase Heizaemon managed the Toyama branch.
Other trading companies
Next, Edo trading companies were established, with Inuzuka Giichino as the head of the company. Yokohama trading company was headed by Kawahara Chujiro of Otaru, and Nagasaki trading company was Goei Tezuka. Those who violated the regulations of the trading company were to be punished accordingly, and although the trading company was once very active, it was abolished along with the abolition of the feudal domains and the establishment of the prefectures, and it reverted to its previous state.
Kutomi Yohei dies
On June 21st, 1871 On June 21st, 1871, Kyutomi Yohei Shoki passed away. His name was Shoko, and he was born the sixth son of Tachibana Saikyo Kojibe, but he succeeded his eldest brother, Yamabe Yohei, and became the successor to the head of the family, Sokei. He had a natural talent and was courageous like a brave warrior, he loved the great talents of Nabeshima Naosuke, the lord of the Ogi domain, and called his son Kimpachiro (Naotora) Kōhachirō, treating him as a samurai.
He was stationed at the branch office in Nagasaki’s Ōmura-machi branch in Nagasaki, he mingled with the patriots of the day while also engaging in trade, and there were even times when he provided them with funds. He also opened up the Takashima coal mine or he rode on the Ogi clan’s Oki-maru and, having inspired the ship’s captain, Tatsusuke Uchiyama, to develop trade between Hokkaido and the Kuril Islands, on October 8th 1870, while sailing north, he encountered a typhoon off the Kuril Islands and, after being shipwrecked and drifting in the icy waters for half a year, he fell ill due to the extreme cold. The following year in June of the following year, he died on a ship off the coast of Kushiro Prefecture’s Akkeshi. He was 40 years old.
Kouhei said on his deathbed said, “I had hoped to make a fortune and spread my business throughout the five continents, but this is the will of heaven. Please throw my body into the sea, and if possible, I would like to fulfill my ambition by riding on the back of a great whale. had a close relationship with people such as the clan’s Eto Shinpei Tadao and Okuma Hachitaro Shigenobu, but when they later became councilors, they invited Kohei and tried to appoint him to a key position in the government, but he had great ambitions and ultimately refused. Shigenobu once said to a person once said, “If Kōhei were still alive today, he would surely be the one to compete with Mitsubishi for supremacy. This is enough to show how great a man Kōhei was.
The monument to Chōgei
In 1932 In 1932, Kyuhei’s nephew, Hisatomi Kikuro, erected a monument to him in the grounds of Houonji Temple, and carved the shape of a whale onto the stone base. The inscription was written by the scholar Koguryu Taniguchi Aida, and the title was written by the viscount Nabeshima Naoyoshi (lord of the Ogi domain).
The opening of various businesses Prior to the opening up of various trades, the Akakusaya and kiln firing issues, which had repeatedly led to disputes over the issue of increasing the number of representative cards, were also opened up as a result of the reforms of the Meiji Restoration, and both businesses came to be run by various people. There were 127 kilns from the end of the Kaei era , there were 127 kilns, which was a decrease compared to the number around the time of the Hōreki era (1751-1764), and in the Ansei (1855-1860) another six houses were added, bringing the total to 132, but now, with the opening up of the area, the number has reached 206. The reason for the relatively small number of houses in later years is probably that the scale of production per house has expanded far more than in the past.
The Tragedy of the tragedy
A certain craftsman in Nakazato had longed to open a pottery business, but he finally sold his house for several hundred yen and finally managed to buy a nameplate. However, before he had even got going, the Meiji Restoration came along and everyone was able to open a business without a nameplate, so he was very frustrated and there was even a tragedy where he stood at the door of the seller every day and chanted the name of the Buddha loudly.
From this point on through the good offices of Ishimaru Kogoro and Hisatomi Kohei, Wagnell asked for permission from the domain to come to Arita, and accompanied the British merchant Appen to stay at the Hisatomi residence in Nakanohara, where he experimented with the Arita ware production method, but after returning to Nagasaki and further discussions between Kogoro and Hyakutake, it was decided to employ him in Arita.
Wagener Employment Contract
The contract between Hyakutake and Wagener was as follows.
Dominant Ownership of the Land The following is a summary of the contract between Hyakutake, the governor of the domain, and the German, Wagener.
Article 1
The manufacture of pottery, coal ovens, glass, dyed goods, medicines, and other products, as ordered by the governor, shall be carried out for a period of three years.
Article 2 As a salary, 300 pieces of silver per month for the first 12 months, 350 pieces of silver per month for the second year, and 400 pieces of silver per month for the third year. The money should be paid in advance at the beginning of each month from the prefectural governor to Mr. Wagner.
The above-mentioned agreement can be replaced with the agreement on the business method of the Alvin pottery shop.
Article 3
The prefectural governor shall be allowed leave for a period of about 15 days each year.
Article 4
The county governor shall provide a suitable house for Mr. Wagner in Arita.
Article 5
Mr. Wagner and his servants, and that the county governor should take care of the miscellaneous expenses incurred during the transportation of luggage and other matters, so that there would be no need for the county governor to go to any trouble.
Article 6
The above articles shall be in force from the day when Mr. Wagner arrived in Arita in the early part of the tenth month of the fourth year of the Meiji era (1871).
Fourth year of the Meiji era Year of the Fire Rabbit, July 5th
Year of the Fire Rabbit, August 20th
The above is agreed
Saga Domain Arita County Governor, Hyakutake Sakujyu
WAGNER, Sir
Imari Prefecture
On July 14th, 1871, the domains were abolished and prefectures were established, resulting in major changes to various systems. At this time, the domain lords Nabeshima Naohiro became governor of Saga Prefecture, Nabeshima Naotora became governor of Ogi Prefecture, Nabeshima Naoyoshi became governor of Hasama Prefecture, Nabeshima Naobumi became governor of Kashima Prefecture, and Ogasawara Nagayuki became governor of Karatsu , but on September 4th of the same year, this was abolished and the new prefecture of Imari was established, with Koga Ippei (Sadao), a samurai from the Satsuma clan, as its prefectural governor.
Dismissal of the Hyakutake County Governor
In August 1871 In August 1871, the county governor Hyakutake Sakujyu Kanetada was relieved of his duties and returned to Saga. From the time he was appointed as the administrator of the Sarayama region until he took up his duties as county governor, he worked tirelessly to reform the local government and develop Arita ware, and although his achievements were considerable, he was often accused of over-interfering in the affairs of the people of Arita, who had no love for him. people criticized him, saying things like “a hundred-winged sparrow has flown in and is making a mess of Arita Imari”, but surely his services to the end should not be forgotten.
Arita Sarayama Deputy official
As the official in charge of the Arita Sarayama area, the names of the people who came to perform this duty and the details of their appointments are not known at present, but if we list the names of those who are known, they are Hisakazu Mitsuno, Kuta Kuyama, Souemon Morooka (Shigenobu), Jinkoumon Yamamoto (father of Jinkoumon Tsunetomo) (the father of Tsunetomo), Kakuhei (Toshisada Goichi Hiro), Kankoemon Fukuchi, Magoroku Furuhori, Gorodayu Ishii, Chuzo Chiba, Yorokubei Kume (Hosho), Manbei Narimatsu (Nobuhisa, the father of Hyakusaku), Kubota Gonsakomon, Hannyabee Yoshitani, Chozakomon Magori, Takebei Fukae, Giukomon Seki, Tobei Nanbu (the grandfather of Shiganosuke Nanbu, a lieutenant general in the Japanese army), Sukekomon Eto (the father of Shinpei Eto), Goroemon Hara, Daisichi Nanbu (Chokunaga Matashichiro), Goro Kume (father of Kunimune Kume, a doctor of literature), Kurozaemon Niwa, Sanzaemon Ishibashi, Sakujyu Hyakutake (Kanezane Sakuzaemon), etc.
Incorporated into the Yokobeta district was incorporated into
the Yokobeta district. At the same time as the dismissal of the Hyakutake County Governor, Ito Genzo was appointed to the post, but due to an accident he was unable to take up his appointment. As a result, Hayashi Seizaemon was appointed as the Arita County Governor, but from August 1871, the Yokobeta district was incorporated into the Yokobeta district (Yokobeta was formerly under the jurisdiction of the Arita Sarayama magistrate, and was located to the north of the Kishima district, including the towns of Omachi, Oda, Yamaguchi and Sarushi) and the Arita County Office became a branch office of Yokobeta, and the deputy county governor, Kura-machi Giichi, was appointed and took up his post.
The Ishiba sub-fief Tatsufumi
In August 1871, the clan ordered the deputy county governor, Kuramachi Giichi, to hand over the Izumiyama Ishiba to the relevant parties using the following Tatsufumi. This Tatsufumi was later considered an important document relating to the Ishiba dispute.
Tatsufumi
I. Izumiyama Soil floor
As the right has been sent to the domestic and foreign plate mountains, the soil rent and the soil pit transport silver will be paid in accordance with the average of the five years from the year of the ox to the year of the snake. The procedure for the squeezing of the soil will be arranged from the 15th of the month.
- Soil office
- Kuchiya office
The right will be abolished. Above, Sarayama Branch Office
August, 1895
We understand the above.
Tsuchibansho, Shimauchi Shingo
Written Request
This time, regarding the I have received your order to abolish the earthenware storehouse and the two guardhouses and to distribute the land to the people of the Sarayama area. is handed over to the recipient, and the tax is paid as soon as it is handed over. I respectfully request that you pass this on to the appropriate people.
Inside and outside the mountain
at this At this time, ten people from Arita Uchiyama (who were like the current ward chiefs in their role as village officials) and the people from the village of Sotoyama signed and stamped their names on the register. These were Sotoyama Yamamura Yakumon (Oogushi), Kuromuta-yama Doho-suke (Masuda), Ouhou-yama Daikokutaro (Kubo), Hirose-yama Daisichi (Oogushi), Minamigawara-yama Tahei (Higuchi), Okawachi-yama Kabei (Fukuoka), Ichinose Dansuke (Iwasaki), etc.
In addition to the above-mentioned requesters In addition to the aforementioned clients, all of the Shōyō pottery was supposed to be delivered within 15 days, but at this time there were a great many potters both inside and outside the country, and there were also other people involved, so it was difficult to get the signatures, so, for the time being, we paid the average amount of silver for the five years, and in the following March, we obtained permission from the Iburi Prefecture without any further procedures.
Wagenner moves to moved to a new location
In October 1871, Wagener came to the teaching center in Kamikohira, but then moved to the former site of the Shirakawa Goyamagata government office. This was a place that served as both a residence and also served as a training school, and at the time, the interpreter Fujiyama Eijiro (the older brother of Fujiyama Raita, a member of the House of Peers) was attached to it, and in addition, a Western concubine from Shimabara took care of everything.
Research on Arita
